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Jung Han Kim Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Taryn P Stewart Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Morvarid Soltani-Bejnood Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Luan Wang Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Jennifer M Fortuna Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Ola A Mostafa Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Naima Moustaid-Moussa Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Ahmed M Shoieb Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Michael F McEntee Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Yun Wang Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Lawrence Bechtel Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Jürgen K Naggert Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Introduction The prevalence of diabetes is growing worldwide and it is estimated that 366 million people will be affected by the year 2030 (171 million in the year 2000; Wild et al. 2004 ). Diabetes is associated with an increased

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Mina Elahy
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Swati Baindur-Hudson
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Vinicius F Cruzat College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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Philip Newsholme College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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Crispin R Dass College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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most devastating acquired vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, is responsible for affecting overall life quality worldwide. It has been estimated that the number of Americans suffering from DR will be 16 million by 2050 ( Milne & Brownstein 2013

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Sofie Dinesen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde, Denmark

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Alisar El-Faitarouni Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde, Denmark

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Louise T Dalgaard Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde, Denmark

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Introduction The current worldwide obesity epidemic drives an increased incidence and prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D) in pregnancy ( Sun et al. 2022 ). In 2019, according to the

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Yuichi Kikuchi Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Muneharu Yamada Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Toshihiko Imakiire Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Taketoshi Kushiyama Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Keishi Higashi Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Naomi Hyodo Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Kojiro Yamamoto Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Takashi Oda Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Shigenobu Suzuki Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Soichiro Miura Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Introduction The population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome has been increasing worldwide and diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause in many countries, requiring renal replacement therapy. Obesity and insulin

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T’ng Choong Kwok University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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( Cypess et al. 2009 , van Marken Lichtenbelt et al. 2009 ). More recent analysis of large datasets support the protective effects of 18 F-FDG uptake by human BAT at room temperature against developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension and

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Christoffer Clemmensen
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Sanela Smajilovic
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Andreas N Madsen Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders B Klein Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birgitte Holst Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Bräuner-Osborne
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. Diabetes 46 2119 – 2123 . ( doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.12.2119 ) Schwartz MW Woods SC Porte D Jr Seeley RJ Baskin DG 2000 Central nervous system control of food intake . Nature 404 661 – 671 . Smajilovic S Clemmensen C Johansen

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Maaike M Roefs Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Françoise Carlotti Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Katherine Jones Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK

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Hannah Wills Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK

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Alexander Hamilton Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK

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Michael Verschoor Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Joanna M Williams Durkin Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Laura Garcia-Perez Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Melissa F Brereton Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Laura McCulloch Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK

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Marten A Engelse Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands

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Paul R V Johnson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Barbara C Hansen Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Kevin Docherty Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

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Eelco J P de Koning Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Anne Clark Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK

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Introduction Phenotypic plasticity of fully differentiated cells in adult pancreatic islets has been demonstrated in several rodent models of diabetes in vivo ( Thorel et al. 2010 , Talchai et al. 2012 , Brereton et al. 2014 , Piran

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Corinne A Schuyler Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Nga N Ta Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Yanchun Li Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Maria F Lopes-Virella Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Yan Huang Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Introduction Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that patients with diabetes mellitus have increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population ( Soedamah-Muthu & Stehouwer 2005 ). To determine

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Christopher J Burns Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Shanta J Persaud Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Peter M Jones Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Introduction Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes is a chronic disease affecting genetically predisposed individuals, in which insulin-secreting β-cells within pancreatic islets of Langerhans are selectively and irreversibly destroyed

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Rhonda D Prisby Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of
Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of
Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of
Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of

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Joshua M Swift Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of

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Susan A Bloomfield Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of
Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of

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Harry A Hogan Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of

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Michael D Delp Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of
Health and Kinesiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Mechanical Engineering, INSERM U890, IFR 143, Université Jean-Monnet, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and the Center for Exercise Science, Departments of

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reported in insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from those reported in non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. While the association between osteoporosis and type 1 diabetes is well established ( Silberberg 1986 , Forst et al . 1995 ), the

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