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Laboratory of Lipids and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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BPA is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD ( Lang et al . 2008 , Melzer et al . 2010 ), with mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Macrophages consist of a heterogeneous population differentiated from myeloid-derived mononuclear cells
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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-1b ( Cpt-1b ), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 ( Pdk4 ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ( Ppar α ) ( Fig. 5 F). Administration of AZD6925 prevents hepatic steatosis, increases mitochondrial biogenesis, and changes macrophage
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reviews). Within the immune system, Gal-1 is specifically localised in lymphoid organs ( Baum et al . 1995 b ), T cells ( Blaser et al . 1998 , Fuertes et al . 2004 ), activated macrophages ( Rabinovich et al . 1998 ) and endothelial cells ( Lotan et
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-derived factors are often collectively referred to as ‘adipocytokines’ ( Fig. 1 ). In 2003, two studies simultaneously reported that obesity induces macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue in both mice and humans ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 b
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. 2013 , Liu et al . 2013 ). Among these adipokines, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has recently been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Additionally, FABP4 is highly expressed in macrophages, contributing to the development of
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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, pro-IL-1B, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) are cleaved by active caspase-1 and released. The released GSDMD triggers pyroptosis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation comprises a two-step pathway in rodent macrophages, but not in human macrophages
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Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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from the surrounding microenvironment recruits macrophages, and neutrophils to the tumor which can contribute to aggressive tumor behavior and increased invasive potential ( Marques et al. 2019 ). Subsets of immune cells thought to closely interact
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, macrophages and T lymphocytes ( Fig. 1 ) and that these cells are the predominant source of the inflammatory cytokines ( Young 2002 ). Later studies have shown that the myometrial expression of chemokines and endothelial adhesion molecules are increased with
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, unresolved hypoxia leads to adipocyte death and concomitant recruitment of ‘M1-like’ polarized macrophages (to enable the clearance of dead adipocytes) that cause a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, triggering a cascade of undesired events that result
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immunological phenomenon wherein prior exposure to TLR ligands renders macrophages refractory to LPS-elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion is known as endotoxin tolerance ( Biswas et al . 2007 ). Endotoxin tolerance is classically induced by exposure to