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Qiong Lv Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Rufei Gao Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Laboratory of Lipids and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Chuan Peng School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Juan Yi Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Lulu Liu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Shumin Yang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Danting Li Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Jinbo Hu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Ting Luo Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Mei Mei Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Ying Song Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Xiaoqiu Xiao School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Qifu Li Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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BPA is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD ( Lang et al . 2008 , Melzer et al . 2010 ), with mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Macrophages consist of a heterogeneous population differentiated from myeloid-derived mononuclear cells

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Eun Hee Koh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ah-Ram Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyunshik Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Hee Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hye-Sun Park Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myoung Seok Ko Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Mi-Ok Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyuk-Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Bum Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyun Ju Yoo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Su Jung Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Sun Oh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Chang-Yun Woo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jung Eun Jang Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jaechan Leem Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myung Hwan Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ki-Up Lee Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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-1b ( Cpt-1b ), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 ( Pdk4 ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ( Ppar α ) ( Fig. 5 F). Administration of AZD6925 prevents hepatic steatosis, increases mitochondrial biogenesis, and changes macrophage

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Lucy V Norling Barts and The London School of Medicine, The William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Mauro Perretti Barts and The London School of Medicine, The William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Dianne Cooper Barts and The London School of Medicine, The William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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reviews). Within the immune system, Gal-1 is specifically localised in lymphoid organs ( Baum et al . 1995 b ), T cells ( Blaser et al . 1998 , Fuertes et al . 2004 ), activated macrophages ( Rabinovich et al . 1998 ) and endothelial cells ( Lotan et

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Haiming Cao National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 8N109, MSC 1760, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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-derived factors are often collectively referred to as ‘adipocytokines’ ( Fig. 1 ). In 2003, two studies simultaneously reported that obesity induces macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue in both mice and humans ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 b

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Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain

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Josefa Girona Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain

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Josep M Alegret Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Group, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain

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Alba Bosquet Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain

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Daiana Ibarretxe Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain

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Lluís Masana Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, ‘Sant Joan’ University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain

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. 2013 , Liu et al . 2013 ). Among these adipokines, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has recently been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Additionally, FABP4 is highly expressed in macrophages, contributing to the development of

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Sy-Ying Leu Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Yi-Ling Tsang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Li-Chun Ho School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC

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Ching-Chun Yang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Ai-Ning Shao Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Chia-Yu Chang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Hui-Kuan Lin Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA

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Pei-Jane Tsai Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Junne-Ming Sung Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Yau-Sheng Tsai Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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, pro-IL-1B, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) are cleaved by active caspase-1 and released. The released GSDMD triggers pyroptosis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation comprises a two-step pathway in rodent macrophages, but not in human macrophages

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Lauren Brady Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Peter S Nelson Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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from the surrounding microenvironment recruits macrophages, and neutrophils to the tumor which can contribute to aggressive tumor behavior and increased invasive potential ( Marques et al. 2019 ). Subsets of immune cells thought to closely interact

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S P Sivarajasingam Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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N Imami Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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M R Johnson Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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, macrophages and T lymphocytes ( Fig. 1 ) and that these cells are the predominant source of the inflammatory cytokines ( Young 2002 ). Later studies have shown that the myometrial expression of chemokines and endothelial adhesion molecules are increased with

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Christy M Gliniak Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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Line Pedersen Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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Philipp E Scherer Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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, unresolved hypoxia leads to adipocyte death and concomitant recruitment of ‘M1-like’ polarized macrophages (to enable the clearance of dead adipocytes) that cause a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, triggering a cascade of undesired events that result

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Christopher M Mulligan Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Jacob E Friedman Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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immunological phenomenon wherein prior exposure to TLR ligands renders macrophages refractory to LPS-elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion is known as endotoxin tolerance ( Biswas et al . 2007 ). Endotoxin tolerance is classically induced by exposure to

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