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Kevin H Tsai ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark S Cooper ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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-forming cells), fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cells and various types of immune cell (most prominently macrophages) ( Chapman et al. 2013 , Gathercole et al. 2013 ). Although many factors have been reported to regulate the expression level of 11β-HSD1

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Jane A Mitchell Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK

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Mark J Paul-Clark Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK

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Graham W Clarke Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK

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Shaun K McMaster Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK

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Neil Cartwright Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiac Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK

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-negative bacteria or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria are sensed by macrophages and other immune cells to produce an acute response to the pathogens. Our knowledge of how cells of the immune system sense and respond to a pathogen has increased

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A K Katakam Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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G Chipitsyna Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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Q Gong Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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A R Vancha Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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J Gabbeta Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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H A Arafat Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA

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and infiltrating macrophages using antibody against CD68 (1:200; Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Insulin and CD68 were visualized by alkaline phosphatase reaction (red), whereas diaminobenzedine was used to visualize OPN (brown

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David J Mellis Musculoskeletal Research Programme, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK

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Cecile Itzstein Musculoskeletal Research Programme, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK

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Miep H Helfrich Musculoskeletal Research Programme, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK

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Julie C Crockett Musculoskeletal Research Programme, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK

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factors ( Scott et al . 1994 ). Deletion of PU.1 in mice results in a complete lack of differentiation of cells to the monocyte/macrophage lineage and causes osteopetrosis as a result of lack of osteoclast formation ( Tondravi et al . 1997 ). Many genes

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Mathias Fasshauer
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Johannes Klein
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Susan Kralisch
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Margit Klier
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Ulrike Lossner
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Matthias Bluher
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Ralf Paschke
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& Crook 1998 ). Although the liver has been conventionally considered as the major site of many acute-phase reactants, cytokine production by fat tissue has become a focus of current research since fat cells themselves and macrophages infiltrating adipose

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Shui-lin Sun Department of Infection, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Liang-ming Liu Department of Infection, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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monocytes/macrophages, foam cells and leukocytes, in the arterial walls ( Chistiakov et al . 2018 , Koelwyn et al . 2018 ), producing immune inflammatory responses ( Autieri 2018 , Miteva et al . 2018 ). As a disease of chronic vascular inflammation

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Natasha Singh Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Bronwen Herbert Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Gavin R Sooranna Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Nicolas M Orsi Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Lydia Edey Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Tathagata Dasgupta Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Suren R Sooranna Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Steven M Yellon Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Mark R Johnson Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages ( Thomson et al . 1999 , Young et al . 2002 , Osman et al . 2003 ). All myometrial gene array studies have identified inflammation as a key component of labouring myometrium ( Bisits et al . 2005

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Caroline Davidge-Pitts Endocrine Research Unit, Kogod Center on Aging, Division of Endocrinology

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Carlos J Escande Endocrine Research Unit, Kogod Center on Aging, Division of Endocrinology

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Cheryl A Conover Endocrine Research Unit, Kogod Center on Aging, Division of Endocrinology

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contains many cell types including macrophages, lymphocytes, and preadipocytes. Activated macrophages secrete cytokines that can have paracrine effects in adipose tissue ( Tchkonia et al . 2013 ). Omental adipose tissue has been shown to have elevated

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Marcela Oliveira Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Diego M Assis Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Thaysa Paschoalin Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Antonio Miranda Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Eliane B Ribeiro Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Maria A Juliano Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Dieter Brömme Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Marcelo Augusto Christoffolete Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Nilana M T Barros Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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Adriana K Carmona Departamento de Biofísica, Departmento de Microbiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil

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than cathepsins L and K ( Naour et al . 2010 ). In addition, cathepsin S is highly expressed in macrophages ( Shi et al . 1992 ) and increased by pro-inflammatory mediators ( Cancello et al . 2005 ). Because obesity is associated with the

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A I Martín Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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M López-Menduiña Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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E Castillero Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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M Granado Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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M A Villanúa Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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A López-Calderón Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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gadolinium administration prevents the inhibitory effect of LPS on GH receptor ( Ghr ), Igf1 and Igf binding protein-3 ( Igfbp3 ) gene expression ( Granado et al . 2006 ). Kupffer cells (resident liver macrophages) have a pivotal role in liver inflammatory

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