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the ER in both these tissues ( Jordan & Morrow 1999 ). The ER has two transcriptional activation domains, AF-1 and AF-2. AF-1 activity is stimulated by tamoxifen binding but AF-2 is inhibited ( Smith et al. 1997 , McDonnell 1999 ) while E 2

) with high affinity ( Safe 1995 ). The AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that, upon binding of PCBs or dioxin, translocates to the nucleus where it heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator. This complex then binds to

combination of β-catenin with TCF7L2 stimulates transcriptional activity of Glu , a precursor of GLP1, and increases GLP1 production. SGLT1, sodium/glucose cotransporter; CAMK2, calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase 2; CREB, cAMP response element binding

cholesterol from mitochondrial outer membrane to inner membrane, where cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450 scc) resides ( Christenson & Strauss 2000 , Stocco 2000 ). StAR expression is regulated by several transcription factors such as DAX-1

. Oligo (dT) 15 (Promega)-primed cDNA was synthesized from 3.5 g total RNA using Moloney murine leukemia virus RT (Gibco BRL) at 37 °C for 60 min. Samples were incubated at 90 °C for 5 min to terminate the reverse transcription reaction. The cDNA mixtures

24 h, the cells were lysed with lysis buffer. Luciferase activity was measured using Dual Luciferase Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s protocol to detect the transcriptional activity of the transfected promoter. The firefly

. 2008 ). This SCN read-out of the photoperiod signal has all of the characteristics of an internal co-incidence timer, and is also reflected in changes in the patterns of SCN electrical activity ( Brown & Piggins 2009 ). The current dogma is that the

regulation of steroid synthesis has been documented with both basic and clinical studies ( Clark et al. 1994 , Lin et al. 1995 , Caron et al. 1997 , Hasegawa et al. 2000 ). Transcriptional or translational inhibition of StAR expression results in a

Neuroendocrinology 15 984 –990. Hall JM & McDonnell DP 1999 The estrogen receptor β-isoform (ERβ) of the human estrogen receptor modulates ERα transcriptional activity and is a key regulator of cellular response to estrogen and