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as adipose-derived hormones. Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes (30–50%), preadipocytes and fibroblasts, collagen fibre matrix, blood vessels and immune cells (monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes). Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipocytes
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droplets in Stk25 transgenic BAT ( Fig. 2C ). Inflammation in adipose tissue, characterized primarily by macrophage infiltration, plays a key role in linking obesity with systemic insulin resistance and whole-body metabolic dysfunction ( Xu et al . 2003
Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
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Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
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responding to inflammatory insults. In addition, adipose tissue also contains a large number of macrophages and thus may support the function as a first line of defence against superficial wounds or stimuli. As adipose tissue may lie directly underneath the
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elastase and cathepsin G into the milieu ( Wittamer et al . 2003 , 2005 ). Subsequently, chemerin functions to enhance the chemotaxis of immature dendritic cells and macrophages, bridging innate and adaptive immunity for the initiation of immune response
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that IAPP oligomers can activate and induce IL1β production from dendritic cells and macrophages in vitro ( Masters et al . 2010 ). Other researchers have demonstrated that ceramide can promote IL1β production from macrophages in high-fat diets
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-adipokine ( Trayhurn et al . 2008 ). Other major adipokines, murine or human, whose expression is stimulated by hypoxia include angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and vascular endothelial growth
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Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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-inflammatory cytokines, produced by either adipocytes or stromavascular cells and macrophages within adipose tissue, contribute to the chronic low-grade inflammatory state found in obesity and related diseases ( Lyon et al. 2003 , Schmidt & Duncan 2003 ), we
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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sequence (IL-1RI.fw1, 5′(-GCA GAA AAG GCA ATG ATA CIT GG-3′; IL-1RI.rv2, 5′-TAG GCC AGA ACC AGA TCA AC-3′). PCR with these primers on a λZAP cDNA library of PMA-activated carp head kidney macrophages yielded a 745 bp product. PCRs were performed using 0
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Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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macrophage infiltration in the fat pads ( Desarzens & Faresse 2016 ). In sharp contrast to adipocyte-specific MR-KO and GR-KO mice, obese myeloid-specific MR-KO mice exhibited improved glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis ( Zhang et
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Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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) Obesity indirectly promotes myelopoiesis by stimulating IL-1β production from ATM in VAT. (C) Hyperglycemia induces an upregulation in S100A8/A9 that travels to BM to stimulate myelopoiesis. ATM, adipose tissue macrophages; BM, bone marrow; HSPC