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Katie J Mylonas University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Neil A Turner Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Sumia A Bageghni Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Christopher I White University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Kieran McGregor University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Robert A Kimmitt University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Richard Sulston University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Valerie Kelly University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Porter Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Gillian A Gray University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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necrotic tissue and matrix debris from the damaged myocardium ( Frangogiannis 2012 , Yan et al . 2013 ), but they are also important to ensure transition to repair. Macrophage polarization toward a reparative phenotype in the healing myocardium is

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Gulizar Issa Ameen Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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Silvia Mora Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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( Friedman & Halaas 1998 ). Leptin stimulates monocytes and macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines including: IL6, TNFa and IL12 ( Gainsford et al . 1996 ) and stimulates CCL2 production in human hepatic stellate cells ( Aleffi et al . 2005

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Gordon J Allan SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK

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James Beattie SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK

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David J Flint SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK

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characterized by excessive deposition of ECM, fibrotic diseases are also accompanied by an inflammatory response involving monocyte/macrophage activation, and thus attempts to control the progress of these diseases with anti-inflammatory therapies have been

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J Hoppmann
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N Perwitz
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B Meier
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M Fasshauer Department of Internal Medicine I, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany

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D Hadaschik
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H Lehnert
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J Klein
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metabolic syndrome ( Hotamisligil et al . 1993 , 1995 ). The crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages which infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity is considered to be crucial for the development of the pro-inflammatory state ( Bluher 2008 ). To date, the

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Aarti D Rohira Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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David M Lonard Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Bert W O’Malley Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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macrophages and neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and serve as the first line of defense for eliminating pathogens ( Lingen 2001 ). They set up inflammatory signaling programs in response to an infection and eliminate pathogens through

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Mark E Cleasby Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Philip J Atherton Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK

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pro-inflammatory cell types, most notably macrophages ( Lumeng et al. 2007 ). Macrophage infiltration has also been demonstrated by a number of groups ( Hevener et al. 2007 , Fink et al. 2014 ), but not all ( Tam et al. 2012 ), to be a feature

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Jun Yang Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Discovery & Preclinical Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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, to be operative in vascular beds ( McCurley et al. 2012 ) and discrete subpopulations of hypothalamic neurones ( Gasparini et al. 2019 ), whereas the MR, in monocyte/macrophages, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes and hippocampal neurones, is unprotected

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Esther Paulo Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Dongmei Wu Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Peter Hecker Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Yun Zhang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Biao Wang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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catecholamine turnover of in the iWAT, and the issue catecholamine levels were not affected (WT 18.8 vs H4-TG 16.2 pg/µg protein). The contribution of macrophage to catecholamine secretion is under debate ( Qiu et al. 2014 , Fischer et al. 2017 , Reitman

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Irene Andrés-Blasco Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Andrea Herrero-Cervera Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Ángela Vinué Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Sergio Martínez-Hervás Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Laura Piqueras Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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María Jesús Sanz Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Deborah Jane Burks Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Herminia González-Navarro Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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section analysis of both groups of mice ( Fig. 3 A images). Immunohistochemical analysis of the F4/80 macrophage marker also showed increased (kuppfer) macrophage infiltration in the liver of HL −/− mice compared with that in WT mice ( Fig. 3 B, P <0

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Mauricio S Krause Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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Neville H McClenaghan Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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Peter R Flatt Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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Paulo I Homem de Bittencourt Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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Colin Murphy Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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Philip Newsholme Biomedical Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physical Education, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland

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-lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to microenvironmental changes, resulting in β-cell injury and death ( Masters et al . 2010 ). Destruction of β-cells during islet inflammation can be mediated by direct contact with activated macrophages and by exposure to

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