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School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) describes the failure of a fetus to attain its genetically determined growth potential, with the most common underlying etiology being uteroplacental failure associated with abnormal placental
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continues to mount showing that T2DM is more prevalent among subjects that were intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) during fetal development, indicating that the defects in glucose homeostasis originate in utero ( Barker et al . 1993 , Ravelli et al
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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thyroxine (T4) and 3,3′,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and absent endogenous thyroid function ( Vulsma et al. 1989 ). Babies born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are major contributors to perinatal
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Introduction Foetuses that are born small for gestational age due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at higher risk for perinatal morbidity, mortality and long-term disability ( Larroque et al . 2001 ). Abnormal foetal growth is
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) (IGFBP-1–6) ( Clemmons 1997 ). In general, IGFBPs inhibit the actions of IGFs, by competing with the IGF receptors for the peptide. Slowing of fetal growth, as in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), probably involves decreased expression of IGFs and
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pregnancy. Disruptions in trophoblast development can lead to early pregnancy loss or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). These represent serious health problems whose etiologies are not sufficiently understood. Differentiation of trophoblast cells can
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Introduction Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality ( Resnik 2002 ). In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental data suggest that being born small carries an
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) ( Momoi et al. 2008 , Greenwood et al. 2010 ). Research has also shown that children who ingest food or beverages containing caffeine are strongly susceptible to obesity ( James et al. 2004 ). Our previous studies
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Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital – Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Introduction Adverse conditions during fetal life, such as low nutrient and/or oxygen supply from the placenta, can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight. Besides affecting body growth, a suboptimal intrauterine
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Introduction Various complications during pregnancy can impact the health and survival of a fetus, among the most significant of these being intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR affects upwards to 8% of human pregnancies, and occurs