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Shiao Y Chan School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Laura A Hancox School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Azucena Martín-Santos School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Laurence S Loubière School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Merlin N M Walter School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Ana-Maria González School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Phillip M Cox School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Ann Logan School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Christopher J McCabe School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Jayne A Franklyn School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Mark D Kilby School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) describes the failure of a fetus to attain its genetically determined growth potential, with the most common underlying etiology being uteroplacental failure associated with abnormal placental

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Alice S Green
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Paul J Rozance Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1650 East Limberlost Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA

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Sean W Limesand
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continues to mount showing that T2DM is more prevalent among subjects that were intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) during fetal development, indicating that the defects in glucose homeostasis originate in utero ( Barker et al . 1993 , Ravelli et al

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S-Y Chan Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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J A Franklyn Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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H N Pemberton Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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J N Bulmer Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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T J Visser Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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C J McCabe Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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M D Kilby Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive & Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK

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thyroxine (T4) and 3,3′,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and absent endogenous thyroid function ( Vulsma et al. 1989 ). Babies born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are major contributors to perinatal

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Meredith A Kelleher
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Hannah K Palliser
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David W Walker Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Physiology, John Hunter Hospital and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2310, Australia

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Jonathan J Hirst
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Introduction Foetuses that are born small for gestational age due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at higher risk for perinatal morbidity, mortality and long-term disability ( Larroque et al . 2001 ). Abnormal foetal growth is

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A M Carter
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M J Kingston
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K K Han
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D M Mazzuca
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K Nygard
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V K M Han
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) (IGFBP-1–6) ( Clemmons 1997 ). In general, IGFBPs inhibit the actions of IGFs, by competing with the IGF receptors for the peptide. Slowing of fetal growth, as in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), probably involves decreased expression of IGFs and

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Rupasri Ain Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Lindsey N Canham Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Michael J Soares Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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pregnancy. Disruptions in trophoblast development can lead to early pregnancy loss or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). These represent serious health problems whose etiologies are not sufficiently understood. Differentiation of trophoblast cells can

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S Shaikh Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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F H Bloomfield Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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M K Bauer Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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H H Phua Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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R S Gilmour Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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J E Harding Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

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Introduction Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality ( Resnik 2002 ). In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental data suggest that being born small carries an

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Bo He Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China

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Yinxian Wen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Shuwei Hu Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Guihua Wang Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Wen Hu Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Jacques Magdalou UMR 7561 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France

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Liaobin Chen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Hui Wang Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) ( Momoi et al. 2008 , Greenwood et al. 2010 ). Research has also shown that children who ingest food or beverages containing caffeine are strongly susceptible to obesity ( James et al. 2004 ). Our previous studies

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Valentina Pampanini Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Daniela Germani Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Puglianiello Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Jan-Bernd Stukenborg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ahmed Reda Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Iuliia Savchuk Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stefano Cianfarani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital – Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Olle Söder Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Adverse conditions during fetal life, such as low nutrient and/or oxygen supply from the placenta, can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight. Besides affecting body growth, a suboptimal intrauterine

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K M Jeckel Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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A C Boyarko Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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G J Bouma Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Q A Winger Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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R V Anthony Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Introduction Various complications during pregnancy can impact the health and survival of a fetus, among the most significant of these being intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR affects upwards to 8% of human pregnancies, and occurs

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