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Dairy cows suffer from an intense energy deficit at parturition due to the onset of copious milk synthesis and depressed appetite. Despite this deficit, maternal metabolism is almost completely devoted to the support of mammary metabolism. Evidence from rodents suggests that, during periods of nutritional insufficiency, a reduction in plasma leptin serves to co-ordinate energy metabolism. As an initial step to determine if leptin plays this role in periparturient dairy cows, changes in the plasma concentration of leptin were measured during the period from 35 days before to 56 days after parturition. The plasma concentration of leptin was reduced by approximately 50% after parturition and remained depressed during lactation despite a gradual improvement in energy balance; corresponding changes occurred in the abundance of leptin mRNA in white adipose tissue. To determine whether negative energy balance caused this reduction in circulating leptin, cows were either milked or not milked after parturition. Absence of milk removal eliminated the energy deficit of early lactation, and doubled the plasma concentration of leptin. The plasma concentration of leptin was positively correlated with plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose, and negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acids. In conclusion, the energy deficit of periparturient cows causes a sustained reduction in plasma leptin. This reduction could benefit early lactating dairy cows by promoting a faster increase in feed intake and by diverting energy from non-vital functions such as reproduction.
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-prandial energy expenditure was enhanced by prednisolone ( Fig. 3A ). The stimulation of energy expenditure could be interpreted as a beneficial effect on energy balance. However, this is not consistent with the obesogenic effects of glucocorticoids. Moreover, the
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evaluate potential endocrine alterations associated with GPRC6A deficiency and HFD feeding, we also analysed an array of plasma parameters. Lastly, mRNA levels of central hypothalamic markers known to integrate both short-term and long-term energy balance
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infusion, the present sheep were food restricted and therefore in negative energy balance. In seasonal species such as sheep, however, GnRH output is primarily under photoperiodic regulation, with short days being stimulatory and long days
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amplify local chemerin concentration for CMKLR1 interaction ( Zabel et al . 2008 , De Henau et al . 2016 ). The role of chemerin in energy balance regulation and obesity Effect on whole body metabolism After the discovery of leptin
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Early lactation in dairy cattle is a period of severe negative energy balance (NEB) characterized by reduced blood glucose and insulin concentrations and elevated blood GH concentrations. The liver is refractory to GH during NEB and this uncoupling of the GH-IGF axis results in diminished plasma concentrations of IGF-I. Our objectives were to examine the effects of insulin administration during the immediate postpartum period on plasma IGF-I and GH concentrations and to examine the hepatic expression of total GH receptors (all GH receptor transcripts), GH receptor 1A (GHR 1A) and IGF-I. In addition, we examined adipose tissue for total GH receptor and IGF-I mRNA levels to establish the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on an insulin-responsive peripheral tissue. Holstein cows (n=14) were subjected to either a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin; INS) or saline infusion (control; CTL) for 96 h starting on day 10 postpartum. Insulin was infused i.v. (1 micro g/kg body weight per h), blood samples were collected hourly, and euglycemia was maintained by infusion of glucose. Insulin concentrations during the infusions were increased 8-fold in INS compared with CTL cows (2.33+/-0.14 vs 0.27+/-0.14 ng/ml (S.E.M.); P<0.001) while blood glucose concentrations were not different between treatments (45.3+/-2.2 vs 42.5+/-2.2 mg/dl; P>0.1). Plasma IGF-I increased continuously during the insulin infusion, and reached the highest concentrations at the end of the clamp, being almost 4-fold higher in INS compared with CTL cows (117+/-4 vs 30+/-4 ng/ml; P<0.001). Hepatic expression of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA was low in CTL cows, but was increased 3.6-fold (P<0.05) and 6.3-fold (P<0.001) respectively in INS cows. By contrast, in adipose tissue the changes in gene expression in response to insulin were reversed with decreases in both total GHR and IGF-I mRNA. The expressions of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA in liver tissue were correlated in INS (r=0.86; P<0.05), but not CTL cows (r=0.43; P>0.1). Insulin appears to be a key metabolic signal in coupling the GH-IGF axis, thus orchestrating a marked elevation in circulating IGF-I concentrations.
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). It has been proposed that while leptin is the main regulator of fasting induced changes in the HPT axis, deiodinase activity plays a major role during NTIS ( Boelen et al . 2011 ). Positive energy balance In contrast to the relatively detailed
Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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have witnessed significant research into the relationship between exercise, appetite regulation and energy balance ( Schubert et al. 2014 ). Exercise is recommended as a therapeutic weight management strategy because it increases energy expenditure
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PDE3B in hypothalamic neurons modifies energy balance and glucose homeostasis, we used Cre-loxP technology, in which Pde3b fl/fl mice when crossed with mice carrying the appropriate Cre gene deletes exon 4 of the Pde3b gene ( Fig. 1A ). The
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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. Diabetes 55 390 – 397 . ( doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0686 ) Ayala JE Bracy DP Julien BM Rottman JN Fueger PT Wasserman DH 2007 Chronic treatment with sildenafil improves energy balance and insulin action in high fat-fed conscious
