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R Ørnsrud National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway

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E J Lock National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway

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C N Glover National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway

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G Flik National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway

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increased collagenase mRNA expression and collagen degradation in rat ( Varghese et al . 1994 ). Skeletal deformities in fish have been causally associated with dietary retinol levels ( Dedi et al . 1995 , Ørnsrud et al . 2002 ). Data from mammalian

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J C Sousa Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
ICBAS, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC & UAM, Madrid, Spain
Department of Production & Systems Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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G Morreale de Escobar Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
ICBAS, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC & UAM, Madrid, Spain
Department of Production & Systems Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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P Oliveira Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
ICBAS, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC & UAM, Madrid, Spain
Department of Production & Systems Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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M J Saraiva Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
ICBAS, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC & UAM, Madrid, Spain
Department of Production & Systems Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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J A Palha Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
ICBAS, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
Molecular Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC & UAM, Madrid, Spain
Department of Production & Systems Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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thyroxine (T 4 ) and the retinol-binding protein–retinol complex. TTR synthesis is a phylogenetically conserved event ( Harms et al. 1991 ), and starts early during embryonic development. It has for a long time been suggested that TTR is involved in

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Nicole G Barra Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Fernando F Anhê Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Joseph F Cavallari Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Anita M Singh Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Darryl Y Chan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Jonathan D Schertzer Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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: 770 µg *RAE Lactation: 1300 µg *RAE Clostridiales ⊣ Retinoic acid → IL-22 → Antimicrobial responses in intestinal epithelial cells Dysbiosis → ↑Proteobacteria → ↓Retinoic acid → ↑ S. typhiumurium colonization Germ Free vs Conventional Mice:  Retinol

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Mika Suzuki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

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Hiroshi Kobayashi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

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Yoshiko Tanaka Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

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Naohiro Kanayama Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

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Toshihiko Terao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

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GTA CTG TGA ATA TAG CAC CAA A-3′, reverse 5′-AGC AAT ATC ATA TTT ATA TTC ACT TGA CAA ATT CAT-3′; glutathione_peroxi-dase_2 (NM_030677): forward 5′-TGC CAT CTA GAT GAG AGC TGC T-3′, reverse 5′-CAG ACT GGC TCT GGA CCC TT-3′; retinol_binding_protein_7

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Haiming Cao National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 8N109, MSC 1760, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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arthritis ( Schultz et al . 2010 , Ogata et al . 2011 , Ye & McGuinness 2013 ). Rbp4 Rbp4 is a transport protein for retinol in systemic circulation, and is mainly produced by the liver but also expressed in white adipocytes. Rbp4 was first characterized

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Taija Saloniemi Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Heli Jokela Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Leena Strauss Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Pirjo Pakarinen Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Matti Poutanen Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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analyses have indicated that HSD17B2 is a close homologue of retinoid-converting enzymes and presents with a high sequence similarity to retinol dehydrogenase type 1 ( Chai et al . 1995 a , b , Simon et al . 1995 ). In addition, studies have shown that

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Kyuyong Han Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Haengseok Song Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Irene Moon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Robert Augustin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Kelle Moley Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Melissa Rogers Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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Hyunjung Lim Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Infertility, Cheil General Hospital, Women’s Healthcare Center, Seoul 100-380, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA

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, Ludwig et al. 2000 , IJpenberg et al. 2004 ). For example, DR1 and DR2 found in the promoter of cellular retinol-binding protein II (CRABPII) are shown to be activated by both RXR/RXR homodimer and RAR/RXR heterodimer ( Durand et al. 1992

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Daniel M Kelly Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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T Hugh Jones Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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, lipoprotein lipase; LXR, liver X receptor; MTTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; RBP4, retinol-binding protein-4; Scd1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1; SR-1B, scavenger receptor class B member 1; SREBP

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Katsumori Segawa Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Morihiro Matsuda Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Atsunori Fukuhara Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Kentaro Morita Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Yosuke Okuno Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Ryutaro Komuro Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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Iichiro Shimomura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

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activator inhibitor type-I, resistin, and retinol-binding protein 4 ( Hotamisligil & Spiegelman 1994 , Zhang et al . 1994 , Maeda et al . 1996 , Shimomura et al . 1996 , Steppan et al . 2001 , Yang et al . 2005 ). Dysregulated production of

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Sami Dridi Laboratory of Physiology, Immunology, and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
University Paris sud, bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Mohammed Taouis Laboratory of Physiology, Immunology, and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
University Paris sud, bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Arieh Gertler Laboratory of Physiology, Immunology, and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
University Paris sud, bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Eddy Decuypere Laboratory of Physiology, Immunology, and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
University Paris sud, bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Johan Buyse Laboratory of Physiology, Immunology, and Genetics of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
University Paris sud, bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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per kilogram diet: retinol acetate, 3800 μg; cholecalciferol, 60 μg; α-tocopherol, 30 mg; menadione, 1.5 mg; thiamin, 1.5 mg; riboflavin, 4 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; cobalamin, 20 μg; niacin, 30 mg; biotin, 70 μg; folic acid, 1 mg; pantothenic acid, 10 mg

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