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several growth factors and hormones. One of the key regulators of endochondral bone development is estrogen ( Perry et al . 2008 ). Estrogen exerts its effect via traditional genomic interactions with two nuclear receptors, namely estrogen receptor α (ERα
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significant feature of aging in women. Menopause leads to a change in the concentration of hormones, especially that of estrogen ( Fuentes & Silveyra 2019 , Geraci et al. 2021 ). In addition, the occurrence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia is closely related
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Introduction Estrogen plays a crucial role in the control of development, sexual behavior, and reproductive functions. Its effects have been linked to the onset and progression of gynecological malignancies including breast cancer and endometrial
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( Couse & Korach 1999 ). ERs belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors that are ligand-dependent transcription factors ( Mangelsdorf et al. 1995 ). The ERα binds to estrogen response elements in the promoters of responsive genes. A number of
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Estrogen signaling Estrogens exert their physiological effects through two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ that belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. ERα is mainly expressed in reproductive
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levels or action of estrogen are curtailed or reduced during human pregnancy, e.g. preterm birth, aromatase gene mutation, or endocrine disruptors that interfere with estrogen receptor action, lead to T2DM in offspring ( Hofman et al. 2004
Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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estrogen deprivation by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) caused an increase in mortality from CVD, while estrogen could reduce the risk, indicating its beneficial effects on the heart ( Rivera et al. 2009 ). Also, endogenous estrogen deficiency resulted in
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State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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cardiomyocytes are sexually dimorphic ( Isensee et al . 2008 , Tsuji et al . 2017 ), and estrogen receptor expression is deregulated in some cardiomyopathies ( Mahmoodzadeh et al . 2006 ). Despite the apparent involvement of estrogen in CVD, clinical
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Introduction The aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS) enzymes are involved in the synthesis and regulation of physiologically active sex steroids, the estrogens and androgens. They play important roles in a plethora of normal pathological
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each dietary group, were used. Tap water was made available ad libitum to the animals. To determine whether estrogen was involved in attenuating CH in ANP +/− mice, ovariectomized (Ovx) female ANP +/− mice were injected daily with 100 μl sterile corn