Search Results
UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Search for other papers by Banrida Wahlang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
in liver toxicology by first introducing general concepts such as sex and gender in scientific research, sexual dimorphism of the primary organ of discussion – the liver, and an overview of FLD. Second, the review briefly discusses mechanisms of
Search for other papers by Yang Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences
Search for other papers by Weimin Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Huiyi Yang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wenliang Zhou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chaoqun Hu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lihong Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
& Trant 2005 ), and was implicated in the control of reproductive activities ( González & Piferrer 2003 ). However, the extraneural expression of cyp19a1b in the ricefield eel exhibited an obvious sexual dimorphism. In the female, the expression of cyp19a1
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Search for other papers by Bel M Galmés-Pascual in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Antonia Nadal-Casellas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Search for other papers by Marco Bauza-Thorbrügge in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Search for other papers by Miquel Sbert-Roig in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Francisco J García-Palmer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Ana M Proenza in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Magdalena Gianotti in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Isabel Lladó in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial biogenesis and function has been reported in many rat tissues, pointing to sex hormones as relevant candidates in the modulation thereof. Female rats show larger mitochondria and higher levels of
Search for other papers by Ghania Ramdani in
Google Scholar
PubMed
The Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Search for other papers by Nadine Schall in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hema Kalyanaraman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nisreen Wahwah in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sahar Moheize in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jenna J Lee in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert L Sah in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alexander Pfeifer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Darren E Casteel in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Renate B Pilz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
-catenin and Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression. The sexual dimorphism of Col1a1- Prkg2 RQ transgenic mice likely relates to cross-talk between ER-α, NO/cGMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways ( Kouzmenko et al. 2004 , Mendelsohn & Karas 2010
Search for other papers by E Ogawa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by BH Breier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by I Fujiwara in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by K Iinuma in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sexual dimorphism of somatic growth in rats appears to reflect differing actions of sex steroids. However, mechanisms of gonadal steroid effects on the somatotropic axis are incompletely understood. To evaluate whether GH is involved in the effects of long-term gonadal suppression on somatic growth in rats, a GnRH agonistic analogue (GnRHa) was administered to normal Sprague-Dawley rats (controls) and to a strain of rats with complete growth hormone deficiency (GHD; n=4-6 in each group). Subcutaneous injection of GnRHa (2 mg/kg) or saline were given within 48 h after birth and repeated every 3 weeks. GnRHa treatment significantly reduced serum gonadal steroid levels in rats of both sexes with small testes in males and impaired development of internal genitalia in females. GnRHa-treated control females became significantly heavier (P<0.01 ANOVA for repeated measures) than saline-treated rats beginning at 8 weeks. However, female GHD rats with GnRHa treatment did not differ in body weight from rats receiving saline. In male rats, GnRHa treatment did not change body weight in either control or GHD rats. Serum IGF-I concentrations did not differ between treatment groups in GHD and control rats of either sex. Hepatic GH binding was reduced significantly by GnRHa treatment in female control rats (P<0.01), but not in female GHD rats. These data suggest that sexual dimorphism in body size and its modulation by estrogens are independent of circulating IGF-I levels suggesting non-endocrine IGF-I-mediated mechanisms, and that GH-induced somatic growth is modulated by estrogens, but not androgens, in rats.
Search for other papers by I Sakata in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T Tanaka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M Matsubara in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M Yamazaki in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by S Tani in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Y Hayashi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by K Kangawa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T Sakai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ghrelin was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor. Although it is well known that a large amount of ghrelin is produced in the gastrointestinal tract, developmental changes in ghrelin mRNA expression and differentiation of ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) and mRNA-expressing (ghrelin-ex) cells in the stomach have not been elucidated. In this study, we therefore investigated the changes in ghrelin mRNA expression levels and in the numbers of ghrelin-ip and -ex cells in the stomachs of 1- to 8-week-old male and female rats by Northern blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Northern blot analysis showed that the level of weak ghrelin mRNA expression was low in the postnatal period but then increased in a dimorphic pattern, i.e. transient stagnation at 4 weeks in the male rats and at 5 weeks in the female rats. The number of ghrelin-ip and ghrelin-ex cells also increased after birth, and more numerous ghrelin cells were found in female rats than in male rats, and this finding was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Ghrelin-ip and -ex cells first appeared in the glandular base of the fundic gland and then they were found in the glandular base and the glandular neck at 3 weeks of age, suggesting that the distribution of ghrelin cells is extended from the glandular base to the glandular neck during the postneonatal development period. This is the first report on detailed changes in postneonatal ghrelin expression level and in the number of ghrelin cells in the rat stomach. The sexual dimorphism of ghrelin expression and ghrelin cell differentiation suggest that ghrelin plays an important physiological role in the stomach.
Search for other papers by M Campbell-Thompson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by KK Reyher in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by LB Wilkinson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
A sexual dimorphism in gastric acid secretion has been known for many years, with women secreting less acid ( approximately 40%) than men. The mechanisms mediating this sex difference are unknown, but a role for estrogens is suggested from animal models. Two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ER alpha and ER beta, mediate genomic effects of estrogens, and mRNA for both subtypes has been detected in the rat stomach. The objective of this study was to determine the cellular distribution of ER alpha and ER beta proteins in the rat stomach. ER alpha and ER beta proteins were detected in nuclei of fundic parietal cells and epithelial cells in the progenitor zone. In the antrum, several cells were immunoreactive for ER beta in regions containing stem and neuroendocrine cell types but ER alpha protein was not detected in antral glands. Both ER alpha and ER beta proteins were expressed in enteric neurons within the nucleus and cytoplasm, with specific punctate staining for ER alpha in cell bodies and fibers. These studies are the first to show differences between ER alpha and ER beta proteins in the epithelial cellular distribution in the fundus and antrum and to detect co-expression in enteric neurons. These results suggest that estrogens may inhibit gastric acid secretion via genomic effects in fundic parietal cells through either ER subtype and in antral neuroendocrine cells via ER beta. Moreover, co-expression of ER alpha and ER beta in enteric neurons indicates that estrogenic effects could also be mediated through neurogenic reflexes. Our findings imply that direct regulation of multiple cell types by estrogens may contribute to the modulation of gastric functions that have been recognized during the estrous cycle and between the sexes.
Search for other papers by María Cecilia Ramirez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Guillermina María Luque in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ana María Ornstein in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Damasia Becu-Villalobos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
metabolism, especially cytochrome P450s (Cyps) ( Waxman & O'Connor 2006 ). These sexual differences are dictated by the sexual dimorphism of plasma GH profiles, which is especially prominent in rats and mice. Plasma GH secretion is highly pulsatile in males
Search for other papers by Marilyn B Renfree in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Geoff Shaw in
Google Scholar
PubMed
scrotum, structures that are never seen in XX female young. A full colour version of this figure is available at https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-22-0296 . Sexual differentiation and direct genetic control of sexual dimorphisms In humans, male
Search for other papers by Edouard G A Mills in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Waljit S Dhillo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Search for other papers by Alexander N Comninos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
and number ( Rometo et al. 2007 ). Further studies demonstrate a sexual dimorphism with significantly more kisspeptin fibres in the infundibular nucleus and rostral preoptic area in women compared to men ( Hrabovszky et al. 2010 ). Extra
