cerebroventricular system produces hypertensive effects, most studies report that α-MSH administration into the NTS decreases blood pressure and heart rate (HR) through a reduced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity ( Li et al . 1996 , Pavia et al . 2003
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K Eerola, P Rinne, A M Penttinen, L Vähätalo, M Savontaus, and E Savontaus
Abdoulaye Diané, Nikolina Nikolic, Alexander P Rudecki, Shannon M King, Drew J Bowie, and Sarah L Gray
-specific inner mitochondrial membrane protein UCP1. BAT is highly vascularized and richly innervated by postganglionic nerve terminals of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS; Baron et al . 2012 , Vaughan et al . 2014 ). Thermoregulatory pathways are induced
K Eerola, S Virtanen, L Vähätalo, L Ailanen, M Cai, V Hruby, M Savontaus, and E Savontaus
be higher in the late stages of the period. Therefore, changes in energy expenditure or nutrient partitioning must be responsible for augmented fat mass loss. SNS-driven BAT thermogenesis analyzed as Ucp1 mRNA and SNS activity in adrenal gland
Hye-Jin Lee, Haifei Shi, Hella S Brönneke, Bo-Yeong Jin, Sang-Hyun Choi, Randy J Seeley, and Dong-Hoon Kim
the AT by a dynamic balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to microenvironmental changes ( Karpe et al. 2002 , Ardilouze et al. 2004 , Alemany 2012 ). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) that innervates the AT is a major
Cathy A Guo and Shaodong Guo
dysfunction in humans. Crosstalk between insulin signaling and β-adrenergic receptor signaling via IRS Increased catecholamine release, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and promotes heart failure
Rosiane A Miranda, Rosana Torrezan, Júlio C de Oliveira, Luiz F Barella, Claudinéia C da Silva Franco, Patrícia C Lisboa, Egberto G Moura, and Paulo C F Mathias
crucial to increase plasma insulin. Pancreatic β-cells receive many neural terminals, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with their parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches, which release acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA
Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro, Audrei Pavanello, Laize Peron Tófolo, Júlio Cezar de Oliveira, Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes, Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco, Kelly Valério Prates, Isabela Peixoto Martins, Kesia Palma-Rigo, Rosana Torrezan, Erica Yeo, Rodrigo Mello Gomes, Flávio Andrade Francisco, Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias, and Ananda Malta
sympathetic nerves system (SNS), respectively have the ability to potentiate and/or inhibit insulin secretion through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and adrenoreceptors, present on the β -cell surface ( Gautam et al. 2006 ). In
Z Zhang, P H Bisschop, E Foppen, H C van Beeren, A Kalsbeek, A Boelen, and E Fliers
BAT through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) depends on T 3 -mediated activation of de novo lipogenesis in the hypothalamic VMH ( Lopez et al . 2010 ), establishing a role for T 3 in the VMH in the regulation of BAT. Together, these studies
John-Paul Fuller-Jackson and Belinda A Henry
perceived by the brain, leading to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the induction of thermogenesis ( Lowell & Spiegelman 2000 , Cannon & Nedergaard 2004 ). Noradrenaline is released within BAT and activates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1
Bernard Beck and Sébastien Richy
obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial . Annals of Internal Medicine 140 778 – 785 . Strack A Akana S Horsley C Dallman M 1997 A hypercaloric load induces thermogenesis but inhibits stress responses in the SNS and HPA system
