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Shisan Xu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fangjing Xie Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Samane Fallah Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fatemeh Babaei Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Sinai H C Manno Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Francis A M Manno III School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Lina Zhu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Kin Fung Wong Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Yimin Liang Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Rajkumar Ramalingam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Sun Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Wang Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Robert Plumb Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Lee Gethings Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Yun Wah Lam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Shuk Han Cheng Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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sex (usually male) and sexual differences in regeneration have never been investigated. In the present study, we examine, for the first time, sexual dimorphism of zebrafish heart regeneration and factors that influence the rate of cardiac regeneration

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A Cremades
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C Ruzafa
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F Monserrat
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A J López-Contreras
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R Peñafiel
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arginine in plasma and tissues that almost abolished the sexual dimorphism found in the levels of this amino acid. This dietary restriction also affected the activities of enzymes related to the metabolism of arginine and ornithine that are regulated by sex

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Alan Conley Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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Ned J Place Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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Erin L Legacki Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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Geoff L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Gerald R Cunha Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Christine M Drea Departments of Evolutionary Anthropology and Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Mary L Weldele Departments of Psychology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Steve E Glickman Departments of Psychology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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deviance from gender norms’ ( Wilson 2003 ). Spotted hyaenas have thus fascinated biologists in the degree to which they deviate from a binary view of sexual dimorphism in mammals, exhibiting a behavioural repertoire (including pronounced aggression, social

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Lydie Naulé Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Marie Picot Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Mariangela Martini Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Caroline Parmentier Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Hélène Hardin-Pouzet Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Matthieu Keller Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Isabelle Franceschini Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224
Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7224, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR85, CNRS UMR 7247, Université François Rabelais, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7224

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J Herbison AE 2006 Postnatal development of kisspeptin neurons in mouse hypothalamus; sexual dimorphism and projections to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons . Endocrinology 147 5817 – 5825 . ( doi:10.1210/en.2006-0787 ) Clarkson J

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Rajat K Das
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Sarmistha Banerjee
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Bernard H Shapiro Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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permanently alter some functional aspect normally responsive to the hormone and often establishing a sexual dimorphism ( Csaba 2008 ). Moreover, the tissue is programmable for only a brief developmental period, after which time the tissue becomes permanently

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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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assessment of isolated populations or deduced from cohort differences due to sex or suppression of endogenous hormones. It is well known that sexual dimorphism in immune responses affects the prevalence and severity of a range of inflammatory conditions, but

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Gerard Karsenty Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, HHSC 701 West 168th Street, HHSC1602, New York, New York 10032, USA

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sexual dimorphism in bone growth becomes apparent during puberty, at which time men reach higher peak bone mass ( Clarke & Khosla 2010 ). This skeletal sexual dimorphism is mainly due to a stimulatory androgen action on periosteal bone formation in men

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Iris Boraschi-Diaz Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Josephine T Tauer Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Omar El-Rifai Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Delphine Guillemette Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Geneviève Lefebvre Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Frank Rauch Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mathieu Ferron Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Départements de Médecine et de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Svetlana V Komarova Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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the effect of genotype over time. Student t -test was used to compare between two groups at a single time point. Three-way ANOVA was used to examine sexual dimorphism. Statistical analyses were performed using MATLAB (The MathWorks Inc

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M Fraenkel Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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J Caloyeras Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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S-G Ren Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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S Melmed Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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+/+ control animals is likely secondary to the pttg -null lipodystrophy, which is caused primarily by the low insulin levels. Several studies in humans and rodents have shown sexual dimorphism in plasma levels of adiponectin, with males having lower levels

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Obaro Evuarherhe Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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James Leggett Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Eleanor Waite Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Yvonne Kershaw Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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number: RJ4534). References Atkinson HC Waddell BJ 1997 Circadian variation in basal plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin in the rat: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle . Endocrinology 138 3842 – 3848 . Azooz OG

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