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Lucy M Hinder
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Anuradha Vivekanandan-Giri Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, AATBSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA

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Lisa L McLean
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Subramaniam Pennathur Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, AATBSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA

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Eva L Feldman
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Introduction According to statistics published by the Centers for Disease Control (2011) , ∼8% of the US population has diabetes mellitus, with 1.9 million new cases diagnosed in 2010. Although both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are

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Xuefeng Yang Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Shuang Mei Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Haihua Gu Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Huailan Guo Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Longying Zha Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Junwei Cai Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Xuefeng Li Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Zhenqi Liu Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Wenhong Cao Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health and economic burden to industrialized societies. Its negative impact on the general health and economy is still rapidly increasing due to the continuing industrialization. It is

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Kaitlyn A Colglazier Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Noyonika Mukherjee Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Christopher J Contreras Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Andrew T Templin Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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the Templin Lab focuses on understanding the relationship between islet immune responses and β-cell dysfunction and death in the setting of both major forms of diabetes. Emphasis is placed on the concept that β-cell intrinsic properties are drivers of

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Kok Lim Kua Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Shanming Hu Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Chunlin Wang Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Jianrong Yao Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Diana Dang Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Alexander B Sawatzke Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Jeffrey L Segar Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Kai Wang Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Andrew W Norris Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Introduction Offspring born from pregnancy complicated by diabetes have a lifelong increased risk of insulin resistance. In humans, such offspring have a 4- to 8-fold higher risk, beyond genetic risk, to develop type 2 diabetes, metabolic

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Subhshri Sahu
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David Tosh Stem Cells and Diabetes Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India

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Anandwardhan A Hardikar
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Introduction Cell-replacement therapy involves treating diseases with functional cells derived from sources including the body's own cells. Successful cell replacement therapy in diabetes requires sufficient numbers of insulin-producing cells to be

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Nicole G Barra Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Fernando F Anhê Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Joseph F Cavallari Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Anita M Singh Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Darryl Y Chan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Jonathan D Schertzer Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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extraction from food ( Bäckhed et al. 2007 ). The gut microbiota can also influence blood glucose. Lower bacterial diversity correlates with insulin resistance and higher adiposity (reviewed in Zhu & Goodarzi 2020 ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated

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Alpana Mathur Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Lucknow, India

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Vivek Kumar Pandey Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India

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Poonam Kakkar Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India

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Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and allied disorders are posing serious health problems that are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide ( Nanditha et al . 2016 ). Insulin resistance, a key feature of T2D and obesity, subdues the

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Hindrik Mulder Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden

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The fact that type 2 diabetes has become pandemic is difficult to escape. Increased morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular events, which frequently accompany the disease, are the most severe consequences of the diabetes pandemic. This problem is

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Jennifer Chen The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Jenny E Gunton The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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pancreatic islets. Although they consist of only 1–2% of the adult pancreas, islets are critical for regulating glucose homeostasis. The hormone insulin is secreted solely by islet β-cells. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released. Diabetes occurs

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Gemma Llauradó Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Carme Vilardell Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Rafael Simó Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Pilar Gil Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Albert Cano Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Joan Vendrell Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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José-Miguel González-Clemente Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes ( Libby et al . 2005 ). Diabetes mellitus results in an accelerated arteriosclerotic process, which is not fully explained by classical cardiovascular risk

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