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Sophie A Clarke Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Waljit S Dhillo Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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. Although the effects of kisspeptin in ageing populations remain largely unexplored, the kisspeptin neuron population in the infundibular nucleus clearly increases with time. Interestingly, however, in the same manner that sexual dimorphism exists with

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Sara Della Torre Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianpaolo Rando Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Clara Meda Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Paolo Ciana Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luisa Ottobrini Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Adriana Maggi Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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-temporal expression of ERα and ERβ was reported to contribute to organize sex differences that are not associated with reproduction, such as the stress response and cognition ( Mogi et al. 2015 ). It is conceivable that the sexual dimorphism observed in

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Rajat Kumar Das Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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Sarmistha Banerjee Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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Bernard H Shapiro Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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hormone levels per se that are responsible for phenotypic sexual dimorphisms ranging from growth patterns to expression levels of hepatic enzymes ( Jansson et al . 1985 , Shapiro et al . 1995 ). In the rat, CYP responses to GH regulation are nearly as

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Yuefei Huang Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Pei Yee Ting Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tham M Yao Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tsuyoshi Homma Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Danielle Brooks Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Isis Katayama Rangel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jose R Romero Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jonathan S Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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aldosterone effect. Sexual dimorphism has been documented previously for blood pressure levels and regulation ( Yong et al . 1993 , Himmelmann et al . 1994 ). In humans, hypertension is more common in young males than in premenopausal females; the

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Lucas Monje Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorgelina Varayoud Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Enrique H Luque Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorge G Ramos Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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time point studied. At PND8, ERα 5′UTR variant expression in the POA showed a great sexual dimorphism, since control females showed higher levels of ERα-OT, ERα-O, and ERα-E1 transcripts than male pups ( P < 0.05, Fig. 4A–C ). DES

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T V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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R Larder University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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D Rimmington University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Lelliott Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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E H Wynn Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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R J Gorrigan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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P H Tate Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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L Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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S O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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D W Logan Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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A P Coll University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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L F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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either global P -values for genotype adjusted for multiple correction testing, or (in the cases of sexual dimorphism) the P -value is the impact of genotype for that sex. Animal husbandry The care and use of all animals were carried out in

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Chandrika D Mahalingam Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Bharat Reddy Sampathi Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Sonali Sharma Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Tanuka Datta Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Varsha Das Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Abdul B Abou-Samra Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Nabanita S Datta Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Clinical Research Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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and death in astrocytes and possibly contributes to sexual dimorphisms in brain development ( Zhang et al . 2002 ). MAPKs regulate cyclin D1 ( Terada et al . 1999 ), an unique regulator of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation ( Sherr

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Lianne Abrahams School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Nina M Semjonous School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Phil Guest School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Agnieszka Zielinska School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Beverly Hughes School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Gareth G Lavery School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Paul M Stewart School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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, although the ultimate reason for the observed sexual dimorphism remains obscure. 11β-HSD1/H6PDH HETs and double HETs have a urinary 11-DHC profile that is comparable to that of WT animals ( Fig. 2 ). Loss of one 11β-HSD1 and/or one H6PDH allele therefore

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Helen E MacLean Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Alison J Moore Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Stephen A Sastra Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Howard A Morris Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ali Ghasem-Zadeh Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Kesha Rana Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Anna-Maree Axell Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Amanda J Notini Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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David J Handelsman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ego Seeman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Introduction Males and females show sexual dimorphism in a number of tissues. Males tend to be taller, with higher muscle and bone mass and lower fat mass than females, with differences also observed in the immune system, nervous system, and in

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Masaki Kakeyama Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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Hideko Sone Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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Chiharu Tohyama Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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after compensatory hypertrophy . Journal of Endocrinology 8 347 – 356 . Mitsushima D Tin Tin Win S Kimura F 2003 Sexual dimorphism in the GABAergic control of gonadotropin release in intact rats . Neuroscience Research 46 399 – 405 . Mocarelli

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