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Joyce Wang
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Qing Qiu Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Maliha Haider Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Michael Bell Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Andrée Gruslin Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Julian K Christians
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restriction (IUGR; Jackson et al . 1995 , Salafia et al . 1995 ), and preeclampsia ( Redman & Sargent 2005 ). During the formation of the placenta in primates and rodents, the epithelium of the uterus is eroded by embryonic trophoblasts, which eventually

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Kent L Thornburg Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Jane E Harding Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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-6736(89)90710-1 ) Chatmethakul T Roghair RD 2019 Risk of hypertension following perinatal adversity: IUGR and prematurity . Journal of Endocrinology 242 T21 – T32 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0687 ) 10.1530/JOE-18-0687) Chattergoon NN 2019 Thyroid

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Patrycja A Jazwiec Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
The Farncombe Family Digestive Diseases Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
The Farncombe Family Digestive Diseases Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

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females Numerous studies have shown that FGR or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered development and reproductive dysfunction in offspring ( Cooper et al. 1996 , Sloboda et al. 2007 , Ibanez et al. 2011 ). Indeed low

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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. 1992 , Fisher 1997 ). A variety of thyroid hormone transporters are expressed in the human placenta and show changes during normal development and in cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; Chan et al . 2009 , Loubiere et al . 2010 ). In

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Ching-Wen Chang Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Anna K Wakeland Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Mana M Parast Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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of vascular remodeling by EVT, also known as physiologic change, in maternal spiral arterioles, leading to such complications as miscarriage, early-onset severe preeclampsia (eo-sPE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ( Fisher 2015 ). While

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Harleen Kaur Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler CSIRO Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Table 1). Adverse effects of GH administration have also been reported in a subset of studies. Suppressed maternal appetite has been reported in sheep and pigs, particularly when high doses of GH are started in late pregnancy. In a model of IUGR

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Diletta Piccirilli Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Enke Baldini Department of Surgical Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Micol Massimiani Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Camaioni Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Antonietta Salustri Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Roberta Bernardini Department of Biology, NSTA, II University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy

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Marco Centanni Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy

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Salvatore Ulisse Department of Surgical Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Costanzo Moretti Department of Systems’ Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata, UOC of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ‘Isola Tiberina’, Rome, Italy

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Luisa Campagnolo Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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restriction (IUGR), pre-eclampsia and spontaneous abortion ( Kumar & Chaudhuri 1989 , Abalovich et al . 2002 , Mestman 2004 , Casey et al . 2005 , LaFranchi et al . 2005 , Kilby et al . 2005 , Pillar et al . 2010 , Luewan et al . 2011 ). Studies

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R De Matteo Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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D J Hodgson Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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T Bianco-Miotto Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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V Nguyen Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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J A Owens Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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R Harding Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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B J Allison Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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G Polglase Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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M J Black Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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K L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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( DeFronzo & Tripathy 2009 ). The M. vastus lateralis is a mixed-fibre type muscle, and we have previously reported that intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs gene expression of determinants of insulin signalling in this muscle in sheep ( De Blasio

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Christophe Breton Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille‐Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

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Introduction Epidemiological studies initially demonstrated that adverse environmental factors leading to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and low birth weight may predispose individuals to the later onset of development of pathologies related

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Junny Chan
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Elizabeth H Rabbitt
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Barbara A Innes
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Judith N Bulmer
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Paul M Stewart
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Mark D Kilby
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Martin Hewison
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& Meaney 2004 ). Secondly, endogenous fetal plasma cortisol concentrations are increased in pregnancies where there has been intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; Goland et al. 1993 ). In normal pregnancies maternal plasma cortisol at term is ~200 ng

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