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Brototi Roy Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Rajeev Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Sunil Kumar Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Umesh Rai Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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621 – 626 . Hriscu M 2004 Circadian phagocytic activity of neutrophils and its modulation by light . Journal of Applied Biomedicine 2 199 – 211 . Hriscu M Saulea G Vidrascu N Baciu I 1998 Circadian rhythm of phagocytosis in mice

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Atsushi Fukushima Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Ping Yin Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Maho Ishida Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Nobuhiro Sugiyama Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Jun Arita Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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surge generator requires information regarding the light–darkness environment ( Freeman 1994 ); a circadian rhythm generated in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in response to light–darkness cycles entrains the GnRH surge generator to produce the

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Elizabeth K Fletcher Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Monica Kanki Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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James Morgan Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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David W Ray NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Lea M Delbridge Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Colin D Clyne Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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peripheral tissue to anticipate environmental stimuli ( Takahashi & Zatz 1982 ). The GR and MR are not expressed in the SCN but the GR serves as a zeitgeber of the circadian clock in peripheral tissues ( Kino & Chrousos 2011 a ). Circadian rhythm is driven

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Manuela S Bartlang
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Inga D Neumann Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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David A Slattery Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Uschold-Schmidt Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Dominik Kraus Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
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Stefan O Reber Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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patterns observed in most depressed patients and the recent licensing of agomelatine, which re-synchronizes disrupted circadian rhythms ( Yous et al . (1992) , for review, see de Bodinat et al . (2010) ). In line with this, it was recently shown in

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Esther Isorna Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Nuria de Pedro Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ana I Valenciano Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ángel L Alonso-Gómez Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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María J Delgado Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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same daily rhythmicity in its synthesis as observed for pineal melatonin. However, these daily patterns are particular to each species. For example, in goldfish, gut melatonin synthesis shows a clear circadian rhythm that is in phase with that of the

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Arnaud Lacombe Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Vincent Lelievre Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Charles E Roselli Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Jean-Marc Muller Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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James A Waschek Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Eric Vilain Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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demonstrated that the dark–light circadian rhythm is damaged in VIP null mice ( Colwell et al. 2003 ), suggesting that rhythmic secretion of gonadotropins might be perturbed in VIP KO mice. Altogether, these data strongly favor the idea that the lack of VIP

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Shona Wood Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Loudon Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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cones ( Lucas & Foster 1999 ), indicating a role for the non-image-forming photoreceptor OPN4 in melatonin inhibition by light and circadian rhythms. The OPN4 photoreceptor is involved in both circadian re-setting mechanisms and pupillary light

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C E Koch University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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M S Bartlang University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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J T Kiehn University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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L Lucke Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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N Naujokat University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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C Helfrich-Förster University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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S O Reber Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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H Oster University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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et al . 2015 ), at least partly via influencing adrenocortical ACTH sensitivity ( Oster et al . 2006 , Leliavski et al . 2014 ). How circadian rhythms affect the adaptive response to repeated and, importantly, predictable stressor exposure, though

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Adrián Báez-Ruiz Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Fernando Cázarez-Márquez Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Elizabeth Sabath Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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María del Carmen Basualdo Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Roberto Salgado-Delgado Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Carolina Escobar Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Ruud M Buijs Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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mimic their respective humoral circadian rhythms for an additional 4 weeks. Slow-release melatonin (Chronocaps; Productos Medix S.A. de C.V., México City, México) pill fragments equivalent to a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg and corticosterone (HBC complex

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Cassandra C Yap School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Michaela D Wharfe School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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HPG axis is dormant and ovulation does not occur, suggesting the shutdown of kisspeptin signaling, reduced GnRH neuron or gonadotrope sensitivity, or a combination of each. We therefore speculate that disruption of normal hypothalamic circadian rhythms

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