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Pei-Jian He Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Molecular Medicine Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Miyukigaoka 21, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

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Masami Hirata Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Molecular Medicine Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Miyukigaoka 21, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

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Nobuhiko Yamauchi Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Molecular Medicine Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Miyukigaoka 21, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

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Seiichi Hashimoto Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Molecular Medicine Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Miyukigaoka 21, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

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Masa-aki Hattori Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Molecular Medicine Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Miyukigaoka 21, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

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, which is critical for successful pregnancy in rodents ( Gu et al. 1994 ). The present finding predicts that, in vivo , the circadian rhythms in the endometrial stroma may be impaired during decidualization. In vivo , cellular differentiation

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Shona Wood Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Loudon Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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consider some of the molecular mechanisms known to drive LD responses, and their regulation by the circadian clock. Circannual rhythms are also dominant characteristic of the reproductive biology of many tropical species. For instance, even when species

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Francesca Spiga Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Jamie J Walker Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Rita Gupta Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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John R Terry Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford L Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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glucocorticoid ultradian rhythm. (a) Stress and circadian inputs activate the hypothalamic PVN to release CRH and AVP into the hypothalamic–pituitary portal circulation. CRH and AVP activate corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary, which respond with the

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C E Koch University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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M S Bartlang University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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J T Kiehn University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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L Lucke Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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N Naujokat University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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C Helfrich-Förster University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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S O Reber Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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H Oster University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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interventions. As a response to the earth’s rotation around its axis, endogenous circadian clocks have evolved regulating 24-h rhythms of behaviour and physiology, enabling organisms to anticipate and prepare for predictable changes in environmental parameters

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Sophie M T Wehrens Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Shelagh M Hampton Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Rebecca E Finn Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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given are those obtained during the week prior to the study (see Materials and Methods). Prior to the laboratory session In order to maintain or establish regular circadian rhythms (i.e. for the shift workers to be adapted for the laboratory study) and

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Nava Chapnik
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Gili Solomon
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Yoni Genzer
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Ruth Miskin Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Arieh Gertler
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Oren Froy
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neuropeptides in the brain ( Froy et al . 2011 ). αMUPA mice also show pronounced circadian rhythms ( Froy et al . 2006 ) and altered locomotor activity compared with FVB/N mice ( Gutman et al . 2011 ). αMUPA mice that spontaneously consume less food per day

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Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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Takashi Yoshimura Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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) Borg B 2010 Phoroperiodism in fishes. In Photoperiodism the Biological Calendar , pp 371 – 398 . Eds Nelson RJ Denlinger DL Somers DE . New York, NY, USA : Oxford University Press . Bünning E 1960 Circadian rhythms and the

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Ryun S Ahn
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Jee H Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Bum C Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Jung H Kim Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Sung H Lee Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Simon S Sung Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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preoptic area (POA; de la Iglesia et al . 1995 ). Transmission of the time-of-day signal from the SCN to CRH- and GnRH-synthesizing neurons is thought to be involved in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm governing the activities of the HPA and HPO

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Manuela S Bartlang
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Inga D Neumann Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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David A Slattery Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Uschold-Schmidt Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Dominik Kraus Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
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Stefan O Reber Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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patterns observed in most depressed patients and the recent licensing of agomelatine, which re-synchronizes disrupted circadian rhythms ( Yous et al . (1992) , for review, see de Bodinat et al . (2010) ). In line with this, it was recently shown in

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Brototi Roy Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Rajeev Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Sunil Kumar Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Umesh Rai Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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1988 Changes of phagocytic biological rhythm by reduction of circadian times and by influences upon hypothalamus . International Journal of Neuroscience 41 143 – 153 . Barriga C Martin MI Tabla R Ortega E Rodríguez AB 2001 Circadian

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