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Jessica R Mader
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Zachary T Resch
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Gary R McLean Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Jakob H Mikkelsen Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Claus Oxvig Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Ronald J Marler Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Cheryl A Conover
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development of nephropathy in an experimentally induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. The latter was of particular interest based on a study by Swindell et al . (2010) looking at differential gene expression in WT vs Papp-A KO mice that highlighted the

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Sarah J Richardson Islet Biology Group, Exeter Centre for Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (IBCS), University of Exeter, RILD Level 4, Exeter, UK

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Alberto Pugliese Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by severe loss of insulin secretion, requiring insulin replacement therapy for the individual’s lifetime. The disease is often diagnosed in children and adolescents, but

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Shiho Fujisaka First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Watanabe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Kazuyuki Tobe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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contribute to insulin resistance ( Pedersen et al. 2016 ). The aromatic AAs tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan are correlated with diabetes risk ( Wang et al. 2011 , Chen et al. 2016 ). Bacteria harbor genes encoding mediators of aromatic AA

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Introduction Obesity is linked with many cardiometabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although lowering body weight is effective for alleviating several of these

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Emma J Hamilton Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Introduction Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD) is defined as ulceration, infection or destruction of tissues of the foot in a person with current or previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, usually associated with the risk factors of

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Hong-Yo Kang Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Hormone Research Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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current knowledge of the metabolic and vascular actions of testosterone in these disorders – specifically, how testosterone deficiency contributes to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes ( Kelly & Jones 2013 a ), and cardiovascular

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Peter Aldiss Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Neele Dellschaft Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Hernan P Fainberg Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Harold Sacks VA Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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types of fat depots: namely brown, white and beige adipose tissue ( Cypess et al . 2014 ). The latter has the largest potential as a therapeutic target in the prevention of obesity and/or diabetes. This is because, from an adult perspective, beige (or

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Laura Marroqui Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Eva Tudurí Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Paloma Alonso-Magdalena Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Iván Quesada Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Ángel Nadal Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Reinaldo Sousa dos Santos Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic, lifelong condition characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from persistent insulin resistance (IR) and/or insufficient insulin production due to β-cell dysfunction or death ( Prentki & Nolan

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Seokwon Jo Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Emilyn U Alejandro Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Washington, where she conducted type 1 diabetes research as an undergraduate McNair Scholar at Dr Ake Lernmark’s lab. She furthered her scientific passion by participating in a postbaccalaureate program at the National Cancer Institute at NIH under Dr Elise

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Frank H Bloomfield Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Preterm birth and the later risk of diabetes Preterm birth (birth before 37 completed weeks’ gestation) occurs in 11.1% of births globally, with most countries showing increasing rates over the past two decades ( Blencowe et al . 2012 ). The

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