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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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in human alveolar macrophages ( Milewich et al. 1983 ) and synovial macrophages ( Cutolo et al. 1996 ), as well as murine T lymphocytes ( Samy et al. 2001 ). Mechanisms of androgen signalling Classically, androgen signalling is mediated

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A Albalat
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C Liarte
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S MacKenzie
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L Tort
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J V Planas
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I Navarro
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& Goetz 2001 , Laing et al. 2001 ). Interestingly, TNFα mRNA expression has been reported in primary trout monocytes ( Zou et al. 2002 , MacKenzie et al. 2003 ) and in in vitro differentiated macrophages after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide

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Rene F Chun Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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John S Adams Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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Martin Hewison Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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involved in mediating innate immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Liu et al . 2006 ). The DNA array analysis of macrophages activated with an M tuberculosis lipoprotein highlighted the induction of mRNA for both the vitamin D receptor (VDR

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Eun-Kyung Choi
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Woon-Ki Kim
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Ok-Joo Sul
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Yun-Kyung Park
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Eun-Sook Kim Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea

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Jae-Hee Suh Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea

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Rina Yu Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea

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Hye-Seon Choi
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observed in OVX. Increased fat leads to the accumulation of adipose tissue macrophage (ATM), which plays a critical role in chronic inflammation and development of insulin resistance (IR) ( Shoelson et al . 2007 ). Exacerbation of insulin sensitivity is

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Corinne A Schuyler Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Nga N Ta Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Yanchun Li Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Maria F Lopes-Virella Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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Yan Huang Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA
Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, USA

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that are prone to rupture consist of a larger intimal lesion and an increased number of macrophages. Analysis of gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques showed that when compared with stable plaques, vulnerable plaques have higher expression of

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Susanne Granholm Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

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Pernilla Lundberg Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

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Ulf H Lerner Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

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haematopoietic origin and are most closely related to the monocyte/macrophage precursor cells ( Takahashi et al . 2002 ). Activation of the c-Fms receptor on these cells by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), released by stromal cells, or osteoblasts

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Li Juan He Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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Min Liang Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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Fan Fan Hou Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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Zhi Jian Guo Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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Di Xie Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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Xun Zhang Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China

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the development of diabetic nephropathy ( Schrijvers et al . 2004 ). Increasing evidence shows that aberrant inflammatory responses, such as macrophage infiltration and overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, are present in the diabetic kidney

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Yingxin Xian Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Zonglan Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hongrong Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Mengyin Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hua Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Wen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Jianping Weng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Fen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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tissue from humans with obesity and obese mice models is infiltrated with increased numbers of macrophages provides a major mechanistic advance into understanding obesity-associated inflammation ( Olefsky & Glass 2010 ). These adipose tissue macrophages

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Eriko Inoue Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Toshihiro Ichiki Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kotaro Takeda Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Hirohide Matsuura Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Toru Hashimoto Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Jiro Ikeda Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Aya Kamiharaguchi Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kenji Sunagawa Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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( Shoelson et al . 2006 ). These cytokines, so-called adipokines, cause inflammation and recruitment of macrophages to adipose tissue ( Xu et al . 2003 ), which is another important mechanism for obesity-induced insulin resistance. The infiltrated

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Junlan Zhou
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Min Cheng Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Chan Boriboun
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Mariam M Ardehali
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Changfei Jiang Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Qinghua Liu Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Shuling Han
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David A Goukassian Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Yao-Liang Tang Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Ting C Zhao Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Ming Zhao
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Lu Cai Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Stéphane Richard Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Raj Kishore Department of Medicine–Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, GeneSys Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Center for Translational Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14‐721, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Gangjian Qin
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various immune cells ( Osborn & Olefsky 2012 ). More recently, studies have shown that adipose tissue macrophages derived from lean mice express markers of M2, or ‘alternative activated’, macrophages. In contrast, obese states are concomitant with M1, or

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