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stimulus ( Carani et al. 1995 ). Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), the occurrence of spontaneous erections during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, is relevant. The neurophysiological basis of NPT is still disputed, but one plausible
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. In fact, it has been shown that BDNF presents a very short half-life in plasma ( t 1/2 =0.92 min; Poduslo & Curran 1996 ), and then it is conceivable that BDNF is secreted with a pulsatory circadian rhythm, featured by a progressive reduction in the
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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lack of leptin-binding protein. A portion of leptin found in the circulation exists bound to a short form of the leptin receptor thought to be a binding protein ( Huang et al. 2001 ). Although the long- and short-form of the leptin receptor are
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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the thermal environment The development and maturation of adipose tissue varies substantially between large and small mammals. The latter are born with an immature hypothalamic–pituitary axis after a short gestation with very little capacity for
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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metabolic syndrome, i.e. visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia ( Kalsbeek et al. 2015 ), and with a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, impaired memory and sleep disturbances ( Pivonello et al
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School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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outdoor physical activity, with other proposed benefits for mental health, sleep, social contact, and reduced exposure to urban pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), particulate matter, noise and heat ( Kumar et al. 2019 ). Potential risks from
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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pathways ( Joels & Baram 2009 ). Almost without exception, this involves G-protein-coupled receptors, which upon binding of the ligand mediate actions that develop within minutes and generally are short lasting, due to dissociation of the ligand from the
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rats that mild chronic subordination leads to reduced activity, altered sleeping patterns and increased body temperature, which suggests an increased metabolic rate as response to SDL ( Ahnaou & Drinkenburg 2016 ), which is also reported in squirrels
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the light phase induces leptin and insulin release in an unusual circadian time, with a consequent activation of brain peptides’ synthesis that leads to an aberrant control of energy homeostasis. Prepuberal darkness-phase feeding, which had a short
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). It has been established that the hypothalamic orexins (orexins A and B) are involved in the regulation of sleep, arousal, feeding, and stress ( Saper et al. 2005 , Winsky-Sommerer et al. 2005 ). There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a