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Jillian L Rourke Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Shanmugam Muruganandan Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Helen J Dranse Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Nichole M McMullen Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Christopher J Sinal Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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feeding in humans. While the mechanism of GPR1-mediated feeding modulation remains elusive, these findings reiterate the need for further studies on the role that chemerin and its receptors play in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. Insulin

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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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deficiency. While reproductive disturbances are largely dissociated from common obesity, nutritional factors and reproduction are closely connected, as exemplified in states of negative energy balance, when food intake corrects amenorrhea. For example

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Gideon Hen Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Sara Yosefi Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Victoria Simchaev Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Dmitry Shinder Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Victor J Hruby Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Miriam Friedman-Einat Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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), which are key elements in the control of energy balance ( Friedman 2002 , Schneider et al. 2002 , Small et al. 2002 , Matsumura et al. 2003 , Mountjoy et al. 2003 , Pankov Iu 2005 ). Experimental blockade of melanocortin receptors (MCRs) in

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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metabolic abnormalities, prevention remains the greatest challenge. Among the different factors contributing to the regulation of energy balance, the microorganisms that reside in the human gut (called the gut microbiota) have received increasing attention

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Catia Martins School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Linda M Morgan School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Stephen R Bloom School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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M Denise Robertson School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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seems to be only modest ( Miller et al. 1997 ). The ability of exercise to create a negative energy balance (EB) relies not only directly on its impact on energy expenditure (EE), but also indirectly on its potential to modulate energy intake (EI

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rebecca Sgambellone Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Zheng Ruan Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Joseph Proietto Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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) as described in the following sections for all of the groups. Experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the protocols approved by the Austin Health Animal Ethics Committee (AEC no. A2010/04028). Feeding protocol and energy balance

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Sean A Newsom Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jennifer C Richards Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Tyler K Johnson Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jessica N Kuzma Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Mark C Lonac Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Roger J Paxton Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Grant M Rynn Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Wyatt F Voyles Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Christopher Bell Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Introduction Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) by the sympathoadrenal system is an important physiological determinant of total daily energy expenditure (EE) and hence energy balance in humans ( van Baak 2001 ). Evidence for this is

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Sarah Teillon Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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German A Calderon Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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Maribel Rios Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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BDNF 2L/2LAlb-cre conditional mutants were analyzed using the comparative C t method. * P =0.002. To determine whether reduced expression of Bdnf in the liver had any effects on energy balance, we monitored food intake of BDNF 2L/2LAlb-cre mutant

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K Alexander H Iwen Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Oezge Senyaman Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Arne Schwartz Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Maren Drenckhan Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Britta Meier Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Dirk Hadaschik Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Johannes Klein Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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maximal increase in 1450% after 4 h ( Fig. 4 E). ACTH stimulation increases UCP-1 mRNA in brown adipocytes The thermogenic brown adipose tissue contributes to energy balance in small mammals and may be associated with insulin sensitivity in human adults

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Riccardo Dore Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Luka Levata Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Sogol Gachkar Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Olaf Jöhren Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Hendrik Lehnert Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Carla Schulz Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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regulation of energy homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the brain, and in agreement with its role in the control of energy balance, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is highly expressed in several hypothalamic nuclei such as

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