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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University ‘La Sapienza’, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Viale dell’Università, 00161 Rome (RM), Italy
Pathology, S Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Coppito, 67 100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
Departments of Neurological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1°, Via Regina Margherita, 00161 Roma (RM), Italy
Fondazione ‘Carlo Ferri’, Via E. Riva 42, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
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specific progenitor pool, or later as final differentiating factors. Though bHLH factors have been observed in the anterior adult pituitary ( Jackson et al. 1993 ), studies on the transcriptional control of pituitary development have mainly focused on
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Introduction Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) was first isolated from the chum salmon pituitary during an attempt to identify a novel pituitary hormone that could modulate body colour in fish ( Kawauchi et al . 1983 , Kawazoe et al . 1987
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( Poortman et al. 1975 ). In particular the relation of DHEA to pituitary function has not been clearly defined. Serum DHEA levels present a characteristic ontogenic pattern, with increasing values toward puberty and a progressive decline during
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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). GnIH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and terminals were localized in the paraventricular nucleus and median eminence, respectively, indicating that GnIH acts directly on the pituitary ( Tsutsui et al. 2000 , Ubuka et al. 2003 , Ukena et al. 2003
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Introduction The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a major regulator of immunity and inflammation via its secretion of glucocorticoids that suppress the immune activation of leukocytes and inhibit proinflammatory mediators. ACTH is the
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Introduction The anterior pituitary gland comprises five types of hormone-producing cells plus folliculo-stellate (FS) cells, which do not produce classical anterior pituitary hormones. FS cells have a star-like appearance ( Farquhar 1957 , Vila
Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pituitary tumors Pituitary tumors are commonly benign, slow growing adenomas, and account for 10–15% of all intracranial neoplasms ( Farrell 2006 , Melmed 2015 ). The prevalence of these tumors is relatively high in the general population, with ∼77
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Introduction Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors which account for 15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Despite the extensive studies performed to elucidate the molecular defects present in pituitary adenomas, their pathogenesis is
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first exposure of the pituitary to GnRH ( de Koning et al. 1976 ). Progesterone receptor (PR) plays a key role in augmenting gonadotroph responsiveness to GnRH ( Waring & Turgeon 1992 , Turgeon & Waring 1994 ) and requires previous exposure of the
Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Suite 5090, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Introduction Although most pituitary tumors are benign, aggressive local growth can occur. Altered pituitary hormone release often leads to serious clinical disorders, such as acromegaly, Cushing’s disease and sexual dysfunction