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Masaki Nakano Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan

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Mika Ikegame Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

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Junko Igarashi-Migitaka Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan

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Yusuke Maruyama Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan

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Nobuo Suzuki Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan

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Atsuhiko Hattori Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan

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Introduction Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous hormone mainly synthesised in the vertebrate pineal gland in response to darkness ( Reiter 1991 ) and circulating levels exhibit a conspicuous circadian rhythm ( Reiter

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Juliane K Czeczor Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Amanda J Genders Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Kathryn Aston-Mourney Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy Connor Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Liam G Hall Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Kyoko Hasebe Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Megan Ellis Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Kirstie A De Jong Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Darren C Henstridge Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Meikle Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Mark A Febbraio Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Ken Walder Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Sean L McGee Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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diurnal effects may influence APP processing in the context of the aforementioned models is unknown. Symptoms in humans suffering from AD include the disruption of their sleep cycle and day time activity. While studies on the circadian rhythm on mice in

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Alex M DePaoli NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Development, 630 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA

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levels in normal humans were identified to have a circadian rhythm and response to fasting and feeding ( Schoeller et al . 1997 ). Furthermore, women had substantially higher levels of leptin, even when adjusted for fat mass ( Rosenbaum et al . 1996

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Keiko Nakahara
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Tetsuro Katayama Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Keisuke Maruyama
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Takanori Ida Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Kenji Mori Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Mikiya Miyazato Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Kenji Kangawa Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, Interdisciplinary Research Organization, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Noboru Murakami
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was evaluated by real-time PCR, basal levels were significantly higher at 12 h (0700 h) than at 2 h (2100 h) after saline treatment, suggesting a circadian rhythm of NMS mRNA levels ( Mori et al . 2005 ). On the other hand, there was no significant

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K Scrimgeour
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M J Gresham
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L R Giles Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Primary Industries, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia

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P C Thomson
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P C Wynn
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R E Newman
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relationship ( Caixas et al . 2002 , Espelund et al . 2005 ). Although in the same study, Espelund et al . (2005) observed a circadian rhythm in plasma ghrelin, which had a strong negative correlation with plasma cortisol concentrations but was unrelated

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Maria Tsachaki Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Arne Meyer Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
AstraZeneca AG, Zug, Switzerland

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Benjamin Weger Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Denise V Kratschmar Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Janina Tokarz Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany

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Jerzy Adamski Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany

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Heinz-Georg Belting Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Markus Affolter Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Thomas Dickmeis Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

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Alex Odermatt Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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are produced in a circadian rhythm, and their levels highly increase under stress to maintain homeostasis. The stress response pathway is under the control of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in human and the functionally equivalent

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Jie Xu INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Amaury Jean-Marie Bekaert INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Joëlle Dupont INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Sarah Rouve INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Isabella Annesi-Maesano INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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C Daniel De Magalhaes Filho INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Laurent Kappeler INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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Martin Holzenberger INSERM U938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, INRA, INSERM U707, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France

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effects of stress and circadian rhythm on circulating GH. We also used rank plot analysis to investigate the GH pattern in bIGF1RKO +/− mice ( Kappeler et al . 2008 ) and found this long-lived mutant had extended trough periods and rarefied peaks

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Gabriel Forn-Cuní Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain

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Monica Varela Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain

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Conrado M Fernández-Rodríguez Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain

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Antonio Figueras Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain

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Beatriz Novoa Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain

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, enrichment analysis predicted that the circadian rhythm was the only statistically enriched KEGG pathway in the pathological liver from obese individuals compared with controls (corrected P value=0.00076). Belonging to this pathway, Period family genes

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Gabriele E Mattos
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Jan-Michael Heinzmann
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Stefanie Norkowski
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Jean-Christophe Helbling Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Amandine M Minni Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Marie-Pierre Moisan Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Bordeaux, Research Group of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Chadi Touma
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different litters per line. Animals were between 3 and 5 months of age during the experiments. All experiments were performed during the trough of the circadian rhythm of GC secretion (between 0900 and 1200 h, Touma et al . (2009) ) and the order of

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Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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Takashi Yoshimura Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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) Borg B 2010 Phoroperiodism in fishes. In Photoperiodism the Biological Calendar , pp 371 – 398 . Eds Nelson RJ Denlinger DL Somers DE . New York, NY, USA : Oxford University Press . Bünning E 1960 Circadian rhythms and the

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