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Dominique A Glauser Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, University of Geneva, Av. de la Roseraie 64, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

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Werner Schlegel Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, University of Geneva, Av. de la Roseraie 64, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

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glycemia. Secondly, in the long term, FOXO factors control the adaptation of β cell mass and the ability of the endocrine pancreas to handle future metabolic loads. FOXO in diabetes, a possible therapeutic target

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Y Feuermann Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

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S J Mabjeesh Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

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L Niv-Spector Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

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D Levin Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

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A Shamay Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

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lactation ( Feuermann et al. 2004 ). Leptin, a protein hormone secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue ( Friedman & Halaas 1998 ), is therefore a key factor in regulating the metabolic adaptation of nutrient partitioning during the energy

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Benoit Cox Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Annelies Vennekens Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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(re-)activated according to the endocrine needs. Adaptation of the cellular composition is observed during puberty (increase in somatotropes) and during pregnancy and lactation (expansion of lactotropes). Mechanisms underlying this pituitary plasticity

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James S M Cuffe School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences, and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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Zarqa Saif Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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Anthony V Perkins School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia

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Karen M Moritz School of Biomedical Sciences, and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Vicki L Clifton Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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glucocorticoid metabolizing enzyme hydroxysteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 (hsd11b2). These female adaptations likely prevent the cardiovascular and renal dysfunction that develop only in male offspring ( O’Sullivan et al . 2013 ). Normal regulation of

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Neele S Dellschaft Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Marie-Cecile Alexandre-Gouabau Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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David S Gardner Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Jean-Philippe Antignac Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Duane H Keisler Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Sylvain P Sebert Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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-induced IUGR, maternal homeostasis is altered, affecting the metabolic environment in which the fetus develops ( Tygesen et al . 2008 ). It is possible that these metabolic adaptations influence fetal growth independently of changes in the feto

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Anna Fodor
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Ottó Pintér
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Ágnes Domokos
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Kristina Langnaese Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institut für Biochemie and Zellbiologie, Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary

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István Barna
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Mario Engelmann Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institut für Biochemie and Zellbiologie, Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institut für Biochemie and Zellbiologie, Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary

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Dóra Zelena
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Introduction Adaptation to stress is a basic phenomenon in mammalian life that is mandatorily associated with the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Extracellular signaling molecules that stimulate the HPA axis at the brain

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Aline Cordeiro
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Luana Lopes de Souza
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Lorraine Soares Oliveira
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Larissa Costa Faustino
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Letícia Aragão Santiago
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Flavia Fonseca Bloise
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Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
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Norma Aparecida dos Santos Almeida Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura
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. 2008 ). These punctual contributions are extremely valuable to understand the essential role of SIRT1 in adaptation to calorie restriction and fasting, conditions that are able to trigger SIRT1 protein expression in various tissues ( Cohen et al . 2004

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João A B Pedroso Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Pedro O R de Mendonca Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marco A S Fortes Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Igor Tomaz Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Vitor L Pecorali Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thais B Auricino Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ismael C Costa Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Leandro B Lima Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Isadora C Furigo Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Debora N Bueno Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Angela M Ramos-Lobo Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Claudimara F P Lotfi Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Jr Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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exercise, which highlights a possible participation of this protein in the regulation of training adaptations. In the present study, we hypothesize that exercise-induced cytokine signaling plays a pivotal role in the training adaptations, which may depend

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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& Forhead 2009 , 2013 ). Deficiency of thyroid hormones during intrauterine development impairs growth of the fetus and compromises its adaptation to extrauterine life ( Fowden et al . 1998 , Hillman et al . 2012 , Sferruzzi-Perri et al . 2013

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Sandra Steensels TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Matthias Lannoo Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Bert Avau TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jorien Laermans TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Laurien Vancleef TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Ricard Farré TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Kristin Verbeke TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Inge Depoortere TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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structural changes in gut morphology ( Seeley et al. 2015 ). Our study provides novel mechanistic insights demonstrating that α-gust − / − mice do not ‘sense’ the need for morphological adaptations when deprived (BPL) or overexposed (RL) to undigested

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