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Wenpeng Dong Dialysis Center, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Ye Jia Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Xiuxia Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Huan Zhang Operating theatre, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Tie Li Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Wenlin Huang School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia, USA

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Xudong Chen Gastroenterology Department No. 1, Jilin Central General Hospital, Jilin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Fuchun Wang Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Weixia Sun Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Hao Wu Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction As one of the long-term complications of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease ( Dronavalli et al . 2008 ). Thus, end-stage renal disease cannot be effectively prevented or treated

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Kanta Kon Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Hiroshi Tsuneki Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Hisakatsu Ito Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Yoshinori Takemura Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Kiyofumi Sato Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Mitsuaki Yamazaki Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Yoko Ishii Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Masakiyo Sasahara Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Assaf Rudich Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Takahiro Maeda Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Tsutomu Wada Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Toshiyasu Sasaoka Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Introduction The prevalence of lifestyle-related disorders, including insomnia, obesity and type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, mainly due to dramatic changes in living environments in modern society. Evidence indicates that environmental

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P Brandimarti Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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J M Costa-Júnior Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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S M Ferreira Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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A O Protzek Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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G J Santos Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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E M Carneiro Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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A C Boschero Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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L F Rezende Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-865, Brazil

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes is a complex illness mainly characterized by hyperglycemia, usually accompanied by pancreatic islets malfunction, and reduced insulin sensitivity, as well as lower insulin clearance. Although hyperglycemia is one of the

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Paul Millar SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Nupur Pathak SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Vadivel Parthsarathy SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Anthony J Bjourson Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK

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Maurice O’Kane Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Altnagelvin Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK

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Varun Pathak SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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R Charlotte Moffett SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Peter R Flatt SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Victor A Gault SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises due to a complex array of molecular defects manifesting in dysregulated insulin secretion, impaired insulin action or both. Since the pathophysiology of T2DM is

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Mari van de Vyver Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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. 2023 ). Figure 1 Factors contributing to chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Continuous activation signals are derived from multiple sources including, dysfunctional adipose tissue, the aberrant metabolic activation of leukocytes, damage

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Vanesa Jiménez-Amilburu Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Susanne Jong-Raadsen Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jeroen Bakkers Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Herman P Spaink Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rubén Marín-Juez Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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glycemic control present one of the main risk factors for developing heart failure ( Haslam & James 2005 ). Specially, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is strongly associated with heart failure ( Bell 2003 a ). Patients with T2D present an increased incidence of heart

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Gary J Remington Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Celine Teo Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Virginia Wilson Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Araba Chintoh Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Melanie Guenette Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Zohra Ahsan Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Adria Giacca Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemias, weight gain and glucose dysmetabolism have been reported ( Goff et al . 2005 , Newcomer 2005 ). While weight gain associated with APs remains a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (DM2) ( Pi-Sunyer 1993 ), there is

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Li Zhao Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chunfang Zhu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Meng Lu Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaomin Nie Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Buatikamu Abudukerimu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Kun Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyuan Ning Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Cheng Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Fangzhen Xia Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Michael D Jensen Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder that is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, microvascular disease and other complications ( American Diabetes Association 2016 ). All these

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Youichi Sato Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Takanobu Kamada Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Aiko Yamauchi Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Introduction Diabetes is a major worldwide public health problem ( Zimmet et al . 2001 ) that causes complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease ( Crofford 1995 , Cannon 2008 , Srinivasan

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K Fosgerau Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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P Galle Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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T Hansen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Albrechtsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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C de Lemos Rieper Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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B Klarlund Pedersen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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L Kongskov Larsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Randrup Thomsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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O Pedersen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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M Bagge Hansen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Steensberg Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Introduction A complex interplay of pre- and post-natal environmental factors and polygenetics is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes ( Andersen et al . 2005 ). Prominent pathological features include insulin resistance, inability in a

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