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, consequence of the obesity is the increased risk for various illnesses, such as diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, coronary artery disease and some forms of cancer ( Vona-Davis et al . 2007 ). In the last century, the disease that is
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Introduction Homoeostatic regulation of fuel metabolism in the body is a tightly controlled process and dysregulation can lead to pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease, stroke, renal disease and other
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Introduction The prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is continuing to rise at rapid rates ( Whiting et al . 2011 ). In turn, obesity and metabolic syndrome are significant risk predictors for T2DM ( Pradhan 2007
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Introduction It is well established that patients with metabolic diseases, in particular insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are more than twice as likely to develop accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) including
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Introduction Incidence of type 2 diabetes is constantly on the rise, owing to an increase in consumption of a Western diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and ageing population ( Stumvoll et al. 2008 , McCarthy 2011 ). Current therapies
Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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2010 ). Excessive accumulation of VAT phenotypically presented as android obesity is associated with higher metabolic risk and the development of insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases
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reversible with weight loss ( Grossmann 2018 ) and does not demonstrate androgen deficiency. Although weight loss will both increase serum testosterone and prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D), it is unclear whether this effect is mediated directly by the increase
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Introduction Type 2 diabetes results from failure to increase insulin secretion in the face of insulin resistance ( Cerasi 1995 , Kahn 2003 ). Studies in humans and animal models of type 2 diabetes show marked β-cell dysfunction
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mutations in FoxO genes or altered expression of FoxO proteins are associated with diseases including diabetes and cancer or with reduced lifespan in mammals. This latter aspect is exemplified by the illustration of role of the FoxO ortholog Daf16 in
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Introduction In recent years, the observation that insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are growing dramatically all over the world has stimulated the research on such metabolic disorders and their possible therapy. At