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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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2010 The kisspeptin system of the human hypothalamus: sexual dimorphism and relationship with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and neurokinin B neurons . European Journal of Neuroscience 31 1984 – 1998 . ( doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07239.x

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M Moussavi Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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M Wlasichuk Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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J P Chang Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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H R Habibi Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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Regulation in the Vertebrate Endocrine System , pp 55 – 67 . Eds Prasada Rao PD Peter RE . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers . Qi X Zhou W Lu D Wang Q Zhang H Li S Liu X Zhang Y Lin H 2013 Sexual dimorphism of

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Juilee Rege Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA

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William E Rainey Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA

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’ precursor for DHT production. Recently, Fluck et al . (2011) confirmed that both the classical and alternative pathways of testicular androgen production are involved in the formation of normal human male sexual differentiation, whereas another group

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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.3791/2429 ) Kotani K Tokunaga K Fujioka S Kobatake T Keno Y Yoshida S Shimomura I Tarui S Matsuzawa Y 1994 Sexual dimorphism of age-related-changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

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Muraly Puttabyatappa Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Robert M Sargis Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Vasantha Padmanabhan Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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involved in the processes of lung maturation and parturition ( Keelan 2018 ) as well as in the sex steroid programming of behavioral sexual dimorphism ( McCarthy et al. 2017 ), maternal disease states (e.g. gestational diabetes ( Pantham et al. 2015

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Nabanita S Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Tareq A Samra Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Chandrika D Mahalingam Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Tanuka Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Abdul B Abou-Samra Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 1107 Elliman Building, 421 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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hyperparathyroidism. Bone loss during a low calcium diet apparently exhibits a sexual dimorphism. Since the low calcium diet was initiated at 4 weeks of age and ended at 8 weeks of age, and since ovarian functions in female mice mature approximately at week 6 of age

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S Khan Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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D E W Livingstone Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK

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A Zielinska College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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C L Doig Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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D F Cobice Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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C L Esteves Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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J T Y Man Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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N Z M Homer Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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J R Seckl Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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C L MacKay SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK

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S P Webster Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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G G Lavery Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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K E Chapman Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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B R Walker Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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R Andrew Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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both sexes are required, particularly given the differences in the distribution of adipose tissue between sexes, as well as sexual dimorphism in enzyme activity ( Jamieson et al. 2000 ) and other regulatory factors such as binding globulins ( Toews

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Misaki Kojima
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Masashi Sekimoto Animal Genome Research Unit, Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global COE Program, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan

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Masakuni Degawa Animal Genome Research Unit, Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global COE Program, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan

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) ( Zamaratskaia et al . 2009 ) led to modulation of hepatic activities of CYP1A subfamily enzymes. Likewise, androgen is also considered to be one of the factors which determine sexual dimorphism in the constitutive and/or xenobiotic-induced expression of Cyp1a2

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Uniza W Khan Comparative Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India

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Umesh Rai Comparative Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India

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. Mondal S & Rai U 1999 Sexual dimorphism in phagocytic activity of wall lizard’s splenic macrophages and its control by sex steroids. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116 291 –298. Mondillo C

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Baiba Steinbrekera Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Robert Roghair Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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and coworkers (2011) have each shown that former IUGR men but not women have increased baseline blood pressure that is exacerbated by psychological stress, and this sexual dimorphism has been a consistent theme in preclinical animal models ( Intapad

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