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Guillaume Mabilleau Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Aleksandra Mieczkowska Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Nigel Irwin Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Peter R Flatt Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Daniel Chappard Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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al . 2010 ). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is a gut hormone synthesized and secreted into the blood stream by intestinal endocrine L cells in response to a variety of stimuli ( Wu et al . 2010 ). Biologically active GLP1 is secreted as a 7–37 or 7

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Li Zhao Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chunfang Zhu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Meng Lu Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaomin Nie Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Buatikamu Abudukerimu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Kun Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyuan Ning Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Cheng Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Fangzhen Xia Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Michael D Jensen Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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. 2010 ). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by gastrointestinal L cells in response to oral nutrient ingestion ( Wan et al . 2017 ) and is an ideal therapy for obesity and T2DM ( Rajeev & Wilding 2016 ). However, native

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L van Bloemendaal
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J S ten Kulve
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S E la Fleur Diabetes Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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R G Ijzerman
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M Diamant
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), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), have been identified as players in the regulation of feeding by relaying meal-related information on nutritional status to the brain. Based on more than three decades of experimental evidence from rodent

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Antonella Amato
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Sara Baldassano
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Rosa Liotta Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Rosa Serio
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Flavia Mulè
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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells in response to the ingestion of nutrients ( Schirra et al . 1996 ), is highly insulinotropic and an inhibitor of gastrointestinal motility, effects that

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Shou-Si Lu
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Yun-Li Yu
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Hao-Jie Zhu Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China

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Xiao-Dong Liu
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Li Liu
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Yao-Wu Liu
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Ping Wang
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Lin Xie
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Guang-Ji Wang
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play is an important role in the regulation of endocrine pancreatic secretion. The intestinal products of the proglucagon gene, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has been shown to contribute significantly to the overall insulin response to oral glucose

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Guillaume Mabilleau GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et biomatériaux, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d’Angers, Université d’Angers, Angers, France

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Marie Pereira Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chantal Chenu Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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needed, to reach an HbA 1C level of 7% or less. Among the most prescribed drugs, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have recently attracted attention as Glp-1r -knockout animals, and GLP-1-supplemented animals exhibited

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Jun-ichi Eiki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Saeki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Norihiro Nagano Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Tomoharu Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Mari Yonemoto Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoko Takayenoki-Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Satoru Ito Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Teruyuki Nishimura Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Sato Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Makoto Bamba Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Hitomi Watanabe Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Sasaki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Sumika Ohyama Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Akio Kanatani Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshio Nagase Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshihiko Yada Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells, and is well recognized as an incretin that induces insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner ( Drucker 2006 ). The functions of GLP-1 have been

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Can Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Mian Zhang Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Meng-yue Hu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Hai-fang Guo Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Jia Li Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Yun-li Yu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Shi Jin Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Xin-ting Wang Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Li Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Xiao-dong Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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, it is noteworthy that local high concentration of ginsenosides in intestine may interact with intestinal epithelium, where numerous endocrine cells are located. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells, is one of the most

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Hongbin Liu Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Yunshan Hu Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Richard W Simpson Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony E Dear Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Biotechnology Division, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin first identified in 1984, has been proposed as a potential candidate target for therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes ( Nauck et al . 1993 , Edwards 2005 ). GLP-1, the product of the

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Patrice D Cani Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Catherine A Daubioul Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Brigitte Reusens Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Remacle Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Grégory Catillon Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Nathalie M Delzenne Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Unit of Animal Biology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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( Reimer & McBurney 1996 , Cani et al. 2004 ). In the intestine, the post-translational modification of the proglucagon gene by prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) leads to the production of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide (GLP-1(7–36) amide) which, among

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