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. 2006 ); ii) hUII is an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in porcine renal epithelial cells ( Matsushita et al . 2003 ) and involved in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling ( Zhang et al . 2008 ); and iii) UII can stimulate the proliferation of
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PLAG1 in the endocrine systems coordinating growth and reproduction in particular. Molecular biology of PLAG1 Gene and protein structure of PLAG1 The PLAG1 gene is located on human chromosome 8q12. Although the predominant PLAG1 transcript is 7.3 kb
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Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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-induced osteoporosis (GIO) and growth retardation. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and loss of bone microarchitecture, leading to impaired bone strength and increased fracture risk ( Reinwald & Burr 2008 ). GIO is the most prevalent type of
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Introduction Two factors play critical but opposing roles in regulating the growth and size of skeletal muscle. The growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF1) axis stimulates growth and accounts for 83% of postnatal growth and the
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Introduction Longitudinal bone growth is driven by a process called endochondral ossification, in which growing cartilage is gradually remodeled into newly formed bone ( Kronenberg 2003 ). During embryonic development, this process begins with
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-resistant rickets suggest the existence of additional phosphaturic factor(s). Recently, intensive studies of several such putative factors (e.g. matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) have
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Introduction Mammalian body length is primarily determined by longitudinal bone growth that occurs at the growth plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage found near the ends of long bones. The process of longitudinal bone growth occurs by
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Introduction Biological actions of growth hormone (GH) are initiated by binding to specific receptors (GH receptors; GHRs) localized on the cell surface membrane of central and peripheral target tissues. These GHRs belong to the
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Introduction Much has been written about the effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient human subjects on growth, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, bone and muscle development and quality of life. When properly
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Introduction The GH–IGF axis is essential for growth and development before and after birth and has important anabolic and metabolic functions in adults. Its role during pregnancy has been less understood and is the primary focus of this