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Sy-Ying Leu Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Yi-Ling Tsang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Li-Chun Ho School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC

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Ching-Chun Yang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Ai-Ning Shao Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Chia-Yu Chang Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Hui-Kuan Lin Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA

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Pei-Jane Tsai Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Junne-Ming Sung Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Yau-Sheng Tsai Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC

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Introduction The prevalence of metabolic diseases has increased significantly in recent years. The World Health Organization has identified obesity as a significant public health problem ( Chooi et al. 2019 ). Moreover, type 2 diabetes

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Haiming Cao National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 8N109, MSC 1760, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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development of metabolic disease ( Trujillo & Scherer 2006 ). Figure 1 Adipocytokines and metabolic inflammation in adipose tissue. Adipocytokines derived from adipose tissue are the results of intertwined interaction between adipocytes and immune cells that

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Rachel Botchlett Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, USA

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Shih-Lung Woo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Mengyang Liu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Xin Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Introduction With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, there is a drastic rise in the incidence of metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)/insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease are only a few

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Kook Hwan Kim Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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Myung-Shik Lee Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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that are currently available or are being developed for the treatment of metabolic diseases have a potential to induce FGF21. Here, we will review the functional role and molecular mechanisms of FGF21 induction by anti-diabetic drugs. Metformin and FGF

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Steve O'Rahilly MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Wellcome Trust and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical research centre for continuing support of research in the area of obesity and related metabolic disease. Reference Ahima RS Prabakaran D Mantzoros C Qu D Lowell B Maratos-Flier E Flier JS 1996

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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implications for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes ( Bluher 2014 , Bluher & Mantzoros 2015 ). It has long been established that the accumulation of abdominal fat (central adiposity) is associated with insulin resistance ( Pratley et

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Wenbin Shang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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Ying Yang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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Libin Zhou Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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Boren Jiang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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Hua Jin Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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Mingdao Chen Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China

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and further support their therapeutic importance in the treatment of diabetes. Declaration of interest The authors state no conflict of interest. Funding This study was supported by a fund for key laboratory of endocrinology and metabolic diseases from

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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outcomes. We discuss the role of different metabolites produced by the microbiota in host metabolism and how specific nutrients may promote either beneficial or deleterious effects on host health. Role of microbiota in the onset of metabolic diseases

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Simon J Dunmore
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James E P Brown Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Group, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK

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earlier. The reported changes in circulating adipokine concentrations observed in metabolic diseases are complex and will require further elucidation; nevertheless, future studies are needed that focus on comparisons of the effects of combinations of

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C Y Shan Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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J H Yang Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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Y Kong Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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X Y Wang Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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M Y Zheng Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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Y G Xu Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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Y Wang Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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H Z Ren Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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B C Chang Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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L M Chen Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Disease Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

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Serino M Amar J 2009 The gut microbiota ecology: a new opportunity for the treatment of metabolic diseases? Frontiers in Bioscience 14 5107 – 5117 . ( doi:10.2741/3589 ) Burrin DG Petersen Y Stoll B

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