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Hiroharu Mifune Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yuji Tajiri Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yusuke Sakai Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yukie Kawahara Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Kento Hara Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Takahiro Sato Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Yoshihiro Nishi Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Akinori Nishi Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Ryouichi Mitsuzono Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Tatsuyuki Kakuma Bostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Masayasu Kojima Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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behavior, since high levels of GHSR expression are recognized in the dopamine neurons in the VTA ( Zigman et al. 2006 ). It is suggested that ghrelin is involved in the brain reward circuits that are related to motivational properties, as well as hedonic

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Hiroharu Mifune Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yuji Tajiri Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yusuke Sakai Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yukie Kawahara Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Kento Hara Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Takahiro Sato Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Yoshihiro Nishi Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Akinori Nishi Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Ryouichi Mitsuzono Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Tatsuyuki Kakuma Bostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Masayasu Kojima Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Andrea Stojakovic Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Enma P Espinosa Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinica Biochemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Quito, Ecuador

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Osman T Farhad Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA

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Kabirullah Lutfy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA

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( Hofstetter et al . 1986 , Perkins 1992 ), and that those effects are the result of the modulatory effect of nicotine on both metabolic processes and reward circuits ( Blendy et al . 2005 , Porter 2017 ). Studies performed in rodents have shown that

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Jennifer S ten Kulve Diabetes Center/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Dick J Veltman Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Liselotte van Bloemendaal Diabetes Center/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Paul F C Groot Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Henricus G Ruhé Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Frederik Barkhof Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela Diamant Diabetes Center/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Richard G Ijzerman Diabetes Center/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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addiction-related stimuli. Obese individuals showed increased responsiveness to viewing pictures of food, which could be regarded as the addictive substance, in areas involved in reward circuits (such as the insula, putamen, caudate nucleus and amygdala

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L van Bloemendaal
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J S ten Kulve
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S E la Fleur Diabetes Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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R G Ijzerman
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M Diamant
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-described hormonal regulators of homeostatic feeding may also influence brain reward systems and may increase or decrease the rewarding value of food depending on energy requirements ( Berthoud 2011 , Kenny 2011 ). Palatable food can activate brain reward circuits

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Giulia Baldini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kevin D Phelan Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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-homeostatic, hedonic feeding ( Pandit et al. 2013 , Sternson 2016 ). The brain reward circuit includes many brain areas, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens, the LH, the amygdala, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex ( Pandit et al

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