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, 2015 ). In these experiments, repeated social defeat stress during the night was associated with altered circulating stress hormones, while daytime stress had only minor consequences ( Bartlang et al . 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ). Within minutes, external

control groups, balanced for body weight (chronic stress: high-fat diet (HFD) ( n =10), chow ( n =10) and control: HFD ( n =11), chow ( n =10)) ( Fig. 1 A). Mice were challenged with 3 weeks of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) or left under control

( Koch et al. 2016 ). Together, these data suggest a circadian gating of stress adaptation to predictable social defeat stress at the level of the HPA axis with impact on metabolic homeostasis. Of note, most stress studies in rodents are done during

RJ Krishnan V Renthal W Russo SJ Graham D Tsankova NM Bolanos CA Rios M 2006 Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress . Science 311 864 – 868 . ( doi:10.1126/science.1120972 ) de

hypothalamus (PVN) increase circulating corticosterone, in male mice given chronic social defeat stress ( Patterson et al. 2013 b ). However, others have shown immobilisation stress increases corticosterone to a similar degree after d -Lys3 (i.p.) as it

Abizaid A 2013 Central ghrelin signaling mediates the metabolic response of C57BL/6 male mice to chronic social defeat stress . Endocrinology 154 1080 – 1091 . ( doi:10.1210/en.2012-1834 ) Quan ZY Walser M 1992 Effects of corticosterone