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Introduction Longitudinal bone growth takes place in the growth plate, consisting of three layers: resting zone, proliferative zone and the hypertrophic zone. Bone growth is regulated by estrogens, acting either indirectly via the GH
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Introduction Sclerostin is a 22 kDa secreted glycoprotein encoded by the SOST gene. It is primarily expressed by osteocytes and plays a major role in bone homeostasis, affecting bone formation and bone remodelling through its role as a
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Roith et al . 2001 ). The intimate relationship between GH and IGF1 makes it difficult to deduce the relative contributions of systemic and locally derived IGF1 to bone accrual. While Ghr −/− mice have recognised changes in skeletal mass and
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al . 2009 ). The most important risk factors for osteoporotic fracture are low bone mineral density (BMD) (clinically assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA)), increasing age and history of fracture ( Johnell et al . 2005
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their precise spatial and temporal control. Remarkably, physiological functions such as longitudinal bone growth, bone remodelling, chondrocyte metabolism and cartilage matrix turnover exhibit 24-h rhythms, being controlled by the peripheral circadian
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Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Introduction Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a complex and dynamic depot that likely includes both constitutive and regulated cell populations ( Devlin & Rosen 2015 , Scheller et al . 2015 ). MAT accumulation is a normal component of
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Introduction The transition of cartilage to bone is the basis by which all long bones form. This transition is tightly regulated to ensure both permissive foetal development through endochondral ossification and postnatal longitudinal growth at the
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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associated with structural subchondral bone damage, increased pain sensitivity also in body parts that are not directly affected by the disease, and mild inflammation of the synovium ( Loeser et al. 2012 ). OA affects more than 240 million people globally
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Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Introduction Bone marrow adipocytes comprise up to 70% of total bone marrow (BM) volume and over 10% of total adipose mass in healthy adult humans, collectively forming an integrated tissue referred to as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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-generation SERMs, have agonistic effects in bone and can prevent both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in humans ( Cummings et al. 2010 , Silverman et al. 2012 ). Animal studies have also shown positive effects of these SERMs at both vertebral and non