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Andrea Lovdel University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karla J Suchacki University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Richard J Sulston University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Robert J Wallace Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Benjamin J Thomas University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Rachel M B Bell University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Iris Pruñonosa Cervera University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin J Macpherson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Nicholas M Morton University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Natalie Z M Homer University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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William P Cawthorn University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Introduction Bone marrow adipocytes comprise up to 70% of total bone marrow (BM) volume and over 10% of total adipose mass in healthy adult humans, collectively forming an integrated tissue referred to as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT

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M J Devlin Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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D J Brooks Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Conlon Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M van Vliet Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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L Louis Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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M L Bouxsein Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a complex and dynamic depot that likely includes both constitutive and regulated cell populations ( Devlin & Rosen 2015 , Scheller et al . 2015 ). MAT accumulation is a normal component of

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Karla J Suchacki The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Andrea Lovdel The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Colin Farquharson The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Nik M Morton The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Vicky E MacRae The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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William P Cawthorn The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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bones involves its integral role in the endocrine control of whole-body energy metabolism ( Guntur & Rosen 2013 ). One example of the poorly understood metabolic functions of the skeleton is the presence of adipose tissue within the bone marrow

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Dawn A Olson Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Adam J Branscum Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans with toluidine blue was used to identify the cartilage within trabeculae. Adipocyte number and area were also measured and expressed as bone marrow adiposity (tissue area occupied by adipocytes: adipocyte area/tissue area

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Patricia K Russell Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Salvatore Mangiafico Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Michele V Clarke Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Evelyn S Marin Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Kristine M Wiren Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
Departments of Medicine and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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hypogonadal patients as compared to the other fat depots, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is significantly associated with skeletal health. Although studies on the function of BMAT is limited, it is clear that increased BMAT is associated with decreased bone

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Amida F Kuah Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Adam J Branscum Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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et al . 2013 ). The lower bone formation generally reported in these mice is primarily due to reduced osteoblast number, although reduced osteoblast activity has also been noted. The dramatic increase in bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) in long bones

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Monisha Rajasekaran Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Ok-Joo Sul Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Eun-Kyung Choi Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Ji-Eun Kim Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Jae-Hee Suh Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea

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Hye-Seon Choi Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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of adherent soft tissue. The bone ends were cut, and the marrow cavity was flushed with α-MEM from one end of the bone using a sterile 21-gauge needle. The bone marrow was further agitated using a Pasteur pipette in order to obtain a single

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Corine Martineau
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Louise Martin-Falstrault Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Louise Brissette Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Robert Moreau
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and reduced Sost gene expression, indicating that ACTH may contribute to the high bone mass phenotype of null mice. In contrast, high plasma leptin levels and enhanced Lep gene expression in adipose tissue were seen in null females only. Moreover

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Sun-O Ka Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Mi-Young Song Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Eun Ju Bae Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Byung-Hyun Park Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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release from stimulated macrophages ( Yoshizaki et al . 2010 , Zhang et al . 2010 ). Myeloid-cell-specific deletion of Sirt1 increases macrophage infiltration into the liver and adipose tissues, as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines, and

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Dario A Gutierrez Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Room 702 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA

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Alyssa H Hasty Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Room 702 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA

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Introduction Accumulation of inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity has been shown to correlate with AT inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance (IR; Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 ). In addition, the

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