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GH, as its name suggests, is obligatory for growth and development. It is, however, also involved in the processes of sexual differentiation and pubertal maturation and it participates in gonadal steroidogenesis, gametogenesis and ovulation. It also has additional roles in pregnancy and lactation. These actions may reflect direct endocrine actions of pituitary GH or be mediated by its induction of hepatic or local IGF-I production. However, as GH is also produced in gonadal, placental and mammary tissues, it may act in paracrine or autocrine ways to regulate local processes that are strategically regulated by pituitary GH. The concept that GH is an important modulator of female reproduction is the focus of this review.
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Interleukins (ILs) are known best for their involvement in the immune system and their role during inflammation. In the ovary, a growing body of evidence suggests that the ovarian follicle is a site of inflammatory reactions. Thus ovarian cells could represent sources and targets of ILs. Since then, the IL-1 system components (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1 receptors) have been demonstrated to have several sites of synthesis in the ovary. These factors have been localized in the various ovarian cell types, such as the oocyte, granulosa and theca cells, in several mammalian species. IL-1-like bioactivity has been reported in human and porcine follicular fluid at the time of ovulation. The role of IL-1 in local processes is still poorly known, although there is evidence for involvement in the ovulation process, and in oocyte maturation. More precisely, IL-1 may be involved in several ovulation-associated events such as the synthesis of proteases, regulation of plasminogen activator activity, prostaglandin and nitric oxide production. IL-1 also regulates ovarian steroidogenesis. These different aspects of the involvement of the IL-1 system in important aspects of female reproduction are discussed.
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( Houbrechts et al. 2016 ). This is in strong contrast to DIO2KO mice that do not show any obvious reproductive defects ( Schneider et al. 2001 ). On the other hand, reproduction is severely hampered in both male and female DIO3KO mice ( Hernandez et al
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color phases ( Nagaraju & Borst 2008 ). Likewise, a better understanding of female reproductive processes and their molecular regulation is of potential importance. Such information would increase our basic understanding of crustacean reproduction and
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burden of reproduction lies with females. The ability to reproduce starts at different ages in humans but invariably involves a period of sexual maturation that culminates with the first menstrual cycle. In most inbred strains of mice, the first ovulation
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Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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expenditure. References Abbott DH Barnett DK Bruns CM Dumesic DA 2005 Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: a developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome? Human Reproduction Update 11 357 – 374 . ( doi:10
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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receptors (AR). In female reproduction, high levels of androgens have been considered detrimental to women’s health leading to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hirsutism, and metabolic dysfunctions such as abdominal visceral adiposity, insulin resistance
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) triazines (e.g., atrazine). These pesticides have been shown to impair female reproduction by targeting a variety of reproductive tissues and functions. The sections below summarize some of the impacts of pesticide exposure on the hypothalamus, pituitary
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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important roles in this process ( Rosen & Spiegelman 2006 ). Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that ovary fat pad composed of white adipose tissue, which distributes around the ovary, may play important roles in ovary function and female reproduction
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Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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.01). After sexual maturation (postnatal 8 weeks), the female mice were mated with WT experienced male mice to evaluate the long-term impact of hypothalamic miR-505-3p overexpression on reproduction. The LV-treated female mice needed more time to procreate and
