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Jing Lu Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Joshua Reese Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Ying Zhou Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Emmet Hirsch Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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critical role in parturition ( Mackler et al . 1999 , Thomson et al . 1999 , Hamilton et al . 2012 , Care et al . 2013 , Shynlova et al . 2013 ). In mice, numbers of uterine macrophages increase during the period of early pregnancy and then decline

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Florencia Figueroa Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Gisela Mendoza Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Darío Cardozo Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Fabián Mohamed Area Morfología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Liliana Oliveros Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Myriam Forneris Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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and follicular development ( Aguado 2002 ). The sympathetic nervous system enters the spleen by periarteriolar pathways and terminates in T-cell and macrophage areas ( Straub 2004 ). In addition to the presence of adrenergic receptors in these

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A D Dobrian Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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M A Hatcher Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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J J Brotman Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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E V Galkina Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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P Taghavie-Moghadam Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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H Pei Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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B A Haynes Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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J L Nadler Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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-conjugated primary antibodies: Cocktail1 (for macrophage phenotyping): CD11b-Pacific Blue, CD45-PerCP, Cd11c-PE, F4/80-Alexa 647, and CD206-FITC; Cocktail2 (for T cell phenotyping): CD3-Pacific Orange; CD4-APC; CD8-FITC; CD45-PerCP, NK40.6-Pacific Blue. All of

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Mari van de Vyver Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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inflammatory process is well described in literature and consists of two sequential phases, the first involving neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage recruitment, and activation as illustrated in Fig. 3A . In the absence of infection, the primary aim of this initial

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André S D Molgat Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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AnneMarie Gagnon Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Charlie Foster Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Alexander Sorisky Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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. In addition to preadipocytes and adipocytes, adipose tissue contains macrophages (adipose tissue macrophages; ATMs). Their numbers and activation states vary with the extent of adiposity ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 , Lumeng et al

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Sun-O Ka Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Mi-Young Song Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Eun Ju Bae Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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Byung-Hyun Park Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea

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tissues and the consequent tissue inflammation are responsible for obesity-related insulin resistance. Macrophages are infiltrating immune cells that are central to initiating and orchestrating obesity-induced local inflammation. The importance of

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Zhenguang Zhang University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Agnes E Coutinho University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tak Yung Man University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tiina M J Kipari Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Patrick W F Hadoke University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Donald M Salter Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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arthritis, the role of endogenous corticosteroids in regulating inflammation is less well understood ( Coutinho & Chapman 2011 ). Nevertheless, macrophages have emerged as a key target for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of endogenous

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Dario A Gutierrez Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Room 702 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA

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Alyssa H Hasty Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Room 702 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA

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Introduction Accumulation of inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity has been shown to correlate with AT inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance (IR; Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 ). In addition, the

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AnneMarie Gagnon Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Charlie Foster Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Anne Landry Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Alexander Sorisky Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6

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Introduction Obesity-associated insulin resistance is related to adipose tissue inflammation, characterized by macrophage infiltration and altered adipose tissue remodeling, including adipocyte hypertrophy ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al

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L Banaei-Bouchareb INSERM U457, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
EMI0363 Necker University, Paris, France
Pathology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, 3EA3102 Paris VII University, Paris, France
Endocrinology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France

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M Peuchmaur INSERM U457, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
EMI0363 Necker University, Paris, France
Pathology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, 3EA3102 Paris VII University, Paris, France
Endocrinology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France

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P Czernichow INSERM U457, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
EMI0363 Necker University, Paris, France
Pathology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, 3EA3102 Paris VII University, Paris, France
Endocrinology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France

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M Polak INSERM U457, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
EMI0363 Necker University, Paris, France
Pathology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, 3EA3102 Paris VII University, Paris, France
Endocrinology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France

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leukocytes. The present study had three objectives: 1) to monitor the presence of CD45RA-cells in the mesenchyme of the human developing pancreas; 2) to characterize their phenotype and determine whether they are macrophages, leukocytes otherwise

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