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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Annamaria Morelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Sandra Filippi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Benedetta Mazzanti Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Tommaso Mello Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Alessandra Calcagno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Erica Sarchielli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Farid Saad Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Roberto Vettor Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Gabriella B Vannelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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often referred to as metabolic syndrome (MetS), which has been recognized to be a complication of adipose tissue dysfunction. It is well known that the main biological function of adipose tissue is to manage lipid storage providing both long-term and

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Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 South 1st Street, Bldg. 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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Introduction Obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension clustered together have been described as ‘insulin resistance syndrome’ or ‘syndrome X’ by Reaven et al . ( Reaven 1988 , Moller & Kaufman 2005 ). The constellation of metabolic

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Yun Wang The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Yue Zheng The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Patsy M Nishina The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Jürgen K Naggert The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Introduction The term ‘metabolic syndrome’ (MS) is used to describe the simultaneous occurrence of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This syndrome is emerging as one of the major medical and public health problems both in

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Liselotte Fransson Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Stephanie Franzén Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Victoria Rosengren Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Petra Wolbert Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Åke Sjöholm Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Henrik Ortsäter Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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) and in patients prescribed GC-based therapy for immunomodulatory purposes ( Raul Ariza-Andraca et al . 1998 , Gulliford et al . 2006 ). In addition, hypercortisolemic conditions share many characteristics with the metabolic syndrome ( Anagnostis et

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Alessandra Bitto Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Domenica Altavilla Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Antonio Bonaiuto Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Francesca Polito Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Letteria Minutoli Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Vincenzo Di Stefano Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Daniela Giuliani Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Salvatore Guarini Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Vincenzo Arcoraci Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Francesco Squadrito Section of Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 5th floor, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Via C. Valeria Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy

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Introduction The metabolic syndrome consists of a combination of risk factors that include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

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David P Macfarlane Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Shareen Forbes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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-Smith et al . 1989 ). This pattern of central fat accumulation, associated with glucose intolerance and hypertension, results in remarkable similarities between the clinical features of Cushing's syndrome and those of the metabolic syndrome ( Reaven

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Liisa Ailanen Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling; Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Suvi T Ruohonen Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Laura H Vähätalo Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Katja Tuomainen Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Kim Eerola Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling; Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Matias Röyttä Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Asta Laiho Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland

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Markku Ahotupa Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Helena Gylling Department of Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Eriika Savontaus Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku; Turku University Hospital, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku, Finland

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gain-of-function polymorphism in NPY gene (rs16139, p.L7P), which increases NPY secretion especially upon sympathetic activation (Kallio et al. 2001, Mitchell et al. 2008), has been associated with traits of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. weight

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Erica Sarchielli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Sergio Serni Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Mauro Gacci Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Marco Carini Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Marie-Pierre Piccinni Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Farid Saad Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy
Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Luciano Adorini Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Gabriella B Vannelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy
Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy

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inflammation) components ( Nickel 1994 , Fibbi et al . 2010 , Moul & McVary 2010 , Donnell 2011 ). A growing body of evidence has documented a strong and independent association between BPH/LUTS and obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS; Mongiu & McVary 2009

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S Otabe
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N Wada
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T Hashinaga
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X Yuan
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I Shimokawa Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Investigative Pathology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan

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T Fukutani
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K Tanaka
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and its circulating levels are inversely proportional to body fat content ( Arita et al . 1999 ). Thus, hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in metabolic syndrome ( Hotta et al . 2000 , Okamoto et al

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S Patterson School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P R Flatt School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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L Brennan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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N H McClenaghan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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subjects, especially those with impaired renal function ( Buysschaert et al. 2000 ). Diabetes is a complex disorder and a major disease of the so-called metabolic syndrome. As such, the diabetic group encompasses individuals with elevated homocysteine

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