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David R Grattan Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Introduction When Geoffrey Harris wrote his influential monograph on ‘Neural Control of the Pituitary Gland’, it was already apparent that prolactin, or ‘lactogenic hormone’ as he referred to it, might be controlled differently to the other

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Jason P Breves Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Mayu Inokuchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoko Yamaguchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Andre P Seale Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Bethany L Hunt Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Soichi Watanabe Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Darren T Lerner Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA

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Toyoji Kaneko Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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E Gordon Grau Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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( Kaneko et al. 2008 , Konno et al. 2010 ). Decades of comparative study have revealed that a conserved function for prolactin (Prl) across vertebrates is the regulation of ion and water transport ( Bole-Feysot et al. 1998 ). In teleosts, Prl

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Chengyuan Lin School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China

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Xue Jiang School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Mulan He School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Ling Zhao Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

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Tao Huang Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

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Zhaoxiang Bian Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China

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Anderson O L Wong School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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receptors can bind PACAP and VIP with similar affinity ( Vaudry et al . 2009 ). In mammals, VIP is well-documented as a stimulator for prolactin (PRL) release ( Christian et al . 2007 ) but the functional role of PACAP in PRL regulation is controversial

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G Boaventura
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G Casimiro-Lopes
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C C Pazos-Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, 5° Andar, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil

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E Oliveira
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P C Lisboa
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E G Moura
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maternal prolactin (PRL) with the dopamine agonist bromo-α-ergocryptine (Bro). This method programs for obesity, hyperleptinemia, leptin resistance ( Bonomo et al . 2007 ), and hypothyroidism ( Bonomo et al . 2008 ), and symptoms (including insulin

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Laura D Ratner Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Guillermina Stevens Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital General de Agudos J. M. Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maria Marta Bonaventura Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Victoria A Lux-Lantos Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Matti Poutanen Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Ricardo S Calandra Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ilpo T Huhtaniemi Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Susana B Rulli Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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linked to insulin resistance, since insulin promotes fat cell differentiation, enhances adipocyte glucose uptake, and inhibits adipocyte lipolysis. Although the role of prolactin in reproduction is well known, the participation of this hormone in weight

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Dan Li Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yan Ji Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Chunlan Zhao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yapeng Yao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Anlan Yang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Honghong Jin Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yang Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Mingjun San Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Jing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Mingjiao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Luqing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Xuechao Feng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yaowu Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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and involution ( Macias & Hinck 2012 ). Mammary gland development requires hormones including prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2). PRL controls alveologenesis and lactogenesis of mammary gland through phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT5 axis

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A J Craven AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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A J Nixon AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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M G Ashby AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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C J Ormandy AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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K Blazek AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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R J Wilkins AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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A J Pearson AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand
Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010 Sydney, Australia
University of Waikato, Hamilton 2020, New Zealand

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& Rosenfield 2003 ), including the pituitary hormone prolactin. Prolactin receptors (PRLR) have been localised to hair follicles ( Craven et al. 2001 ) and expression of mRNAs encoding one long (PRLRL) and two short forms of the receptor (PRLRS2 and PRLRS3

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F E Utama Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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M J LeBaron Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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L M Neilson Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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A S Sultan Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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A F Parlow Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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K-U Wagner Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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H Rui Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
National Hormone and Peptide Program, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrence, California 90509, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA

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Introduction Growth and differentiation of breast cancer is regulated by hormones, notably estrogen, progesterone and prolactin. In rodents, prolactin is a well-documented tumor promoter of the mammary gland, as revealed by a variety

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María Andrea Camilletti Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alejandra Abeledo-Machado Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Jimena Ferraris Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo A Pérez Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Erika Y Faraoni Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Daniel Pisera Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvina Gutierrez Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Graciela Díaz-Torga Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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vehicle (Ethanol, 1 μM) were used as controls. After experimental treatments, medium was collected and stored at −70°C until rat prolactin radioimmunoassays (rPRL RIA) were performed. Rat prolactin radioimmunoassay (rPRL RIA) PRL levels were

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Michael Wallis Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK

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Introduction Prolactin is a protein hormone found in the pituitary gland of most vertebrates, which in mammals plays a central role in the regulation of mammary growth and lactation. In most mammals, prolactin is encoded by a single gene, but

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