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penis and scrotal sac ( George & Wilson 1994 , Griffin et al. 2001 ), as well as later, sexually differentiated behaviours ( Phoenix et al. 1959 ), have been explored in efforts to explain the genesis of the external genitalia of the female spotted
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/2 in some brain areas of young and adult hamsters displayed an evident sexually dimorphic expression pattern, suggesting that hibernators could very well be a useful model for unveiling the sexually differentiated neurobiological role of the classical
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/c-met-dependent signaling ( Peruzzi & Bottaro 2006 ). Ovarian function Folliculogenesis Folliculogenesis is a dynamic process during which follicular granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells proliferate and differentiate to produce factors (e.g., steroid and peptide hormones
The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
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The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Introduction The roles of androgens in zebrafish sex differentiation, development of male sexual characteristics, and maintenance and function of the adult testes are poorly understood. Laboratory strains of zebrafish lack sex chromosomes and
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the developing gonad during a critical perinatal period. The same differentiating effects are also present in human sexual development ( Money et al . 1968 , Money & Ehrhardt 1971 ). During late embryonic life, and for roughly the first 7–10 days
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Introduction Female sex steroids control proliferation and differentiation of target cells by altering the rates of specific gene transcription ( Tsai & O’Malley 1994 , Hall et al. 2001 , Li & O’Malley 2003 ). In the endometrium
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as a regulator of germ cells ( Morinaga et al . 2007 ). AMH's role as an essential inducer of male sexual differentiation also predates the Müllerian duct. In some species of fish, AMH regulates the differentiation of the gonads into testes, and
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mammalian sexual differentiation . Recent Progress in Hormone Research 50 349 – 364 . ( doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571150-0.50021-4 )
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The primary function of MIS in mammals is to initiate regression of Mullerian structures in males as part of normal sexual development. As we learn more about its other roles, particularly its influence on the growth and differentiation of cell types within the gonad, a more thorough understanding of the receptors that MIS stimulates and the downstream signaling cascade with which it interacts will help in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic uses of MIS.
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Sexual differentiation and early embryonic/fetal gonad development is a tightly regulated process controlled by numerous endocrine and molecular signals. These signals ensure appropriate structural organization and subsequent development of gonads and accessory organs. Substantial differences exist in adult reproductive characteristics in Meishan (MS) and White Composite (WC) pig breeds. This study compared the timing of embryonic sexual differentiation in MS and WC pigs. Embryos/fetuses were evaluated on 26, 28, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days postcoitum (dpc). Gonadal differentiation was based on morphological criteria and on localization of GATA4, Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) and 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450(c17)). The timing of testicular cord formation and functional differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells were similar between breeds. Levels of GATA4, MIS and P450(c17) proteins increased with advancing gestation, with greater levels of MIS and P450(c17) in testes of MS compared with WC embryos. Organization of ovarian medullary cords and formation of egg nests was evident at similar ages in both breeds; however, a greater number of MS compared with WC embryos exhibited signs of ovarian differentiation at 30 dpc. In summary, despite breed differences in MIS and P450(c17) levels in the testis, which may be related to Sertoli and Leydig cell function, the timing of testicular differentiation did not differ between breeds and is unlikely to impact reproductive performance in adult boars. In contrast, female MS embryos exhibited advanced ovarian differentiation compared with WC embryos which may be related to the earlier reproductive maturity observed in this breed.
