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Tokyo Adachi Hospital, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan
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rhythms ( Kohsaka et al. 2007 ). The levels of several hormones and cytokines show a circadian rhythm ( Andrews & Folk 1964 , Barter et al. 1971 , Vaughan et al. 1976 , Kaneko et al. 1980 , Arvidson et al. 1994 , Sinha et al. 1996
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timing signals for living organisms on Earth. Consequently, according to these signals, the endogenous circadian rhythms within organisms are entrained to the solar day ( Pittendrich 1960 , Refinetti 2010 , Fonken et al. 2013 ). While the central
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there are no studies at present in the literature investigating a possible BDNF circadian rhythm in humans, we studied the BDNF levels throughout 24 h in healthy men, in order to detect the possible relative changes in plasma BDNF protein. Additionally
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receptors and developmental control genes ( Reddi 1994 , Goldring et al. 2006 , Shao et al. 2006 , Liu et al. 2017 ). There is considerable evidence to suggest that cartilage and bone growth in vertebrates oscillate in a circadian rhythm, but the
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, as pinealectomy abolishes detectable melatonin in the blood ( Lewy et al . 1980 a ). Circadian rhythmicity of pineal melatonin synthesis Concentrations of melatonin in the blood exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm, with elevated levels during the
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developing in the neonatal preoptic area showed plasticity with a binary outcome determined by the presence or absence of exposure to sex hormones ( Raisman & Field 1973 ). My publication appeared 2 years after Harris' death. Circadian rhythms: the
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clocks present in most of the cell types in cartilage and bone ( Dudek & Meng 2014 , Yang & Meng 2016 ). Alterations in the circadian rhythm of skeletal biology are associated with the development of various disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA
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Introduction Circadian rhythm is generated by genetically determined biological clock, and is prominently entrained by cues from the 24-h light:darkness cycle ( Dunlap 1999 , Reppert & Weaver 2001 ). In mammals, the central clock is
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– 40–50% across the whole body – are expressed with a circadian rhythm ( Zhang et al. 2014 ). Of note, just like the delayed-action GC-mediated stress response, circadian clock regulation acts through slow, transcription
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adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in mitigating or enhancing the effects of clock genes on their own targets. The exact role of glucocorticoids in this context has yet to be fully elucidated. However, it is generally accepted that their circadian rhythm