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Taira Wada Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Yamamoto Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Takasugi Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Hirotake Ishii Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Taketo Uchiyama Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Kaori Saitoh Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Masahiro Suzuki Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Makoto Uchiyama Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Adachi Hospital, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan

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Hikari Yoshitane Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoshitaka Fukada Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Shigeki Shimba Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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rhythms ( Kohsaka et al. 2007 ). The levels of several hormones and cytokines show a circadian rhythm ( Andrews & Folk 1964 , Barter et al. 1971 , Vaughan et al. 1976 , Kaneko et al. 1980 , Arvidson et al. 1994 , Sinha et al. 1996

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Anjara Rabearivony School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Huan Li School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Shiyao Zhang School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Siyu Chen School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaofei An Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chang Liu School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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timing signals for living organisms on Earth. Consequently, according to these signals, the endogenous circadian rhythms within organisms are entrained to the solar day ( Pittendrich 1960 , Refinetti 2010 , Fonken et al. 2013 ). While the central

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Silvia Begliuomini
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Elena Lenzi
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Filippo Ninni
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Elena Casarosa
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Sara Merlini
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Nicola Pluchino
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Valeria Valentino
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Stefano Luisi Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy

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Michele Luisi
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Andrea R Genazzani
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there are no studies at present in the literature investigating a possible BDNF circadian rhythm in humans, we studied the BDNF levels throughout 24 h in healthy men, in order to detect the possible relative changes in plasma BDNF protein. Additionally

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Shanqi Fu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Miho Kuwahara Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Yoko Uchida Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Sei Kondo Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Daichi Hayashi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Yuji Shimomura Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Asami Takagaki Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Takashi Nishida Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Yusuke Maruyama Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

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Mika Ikegame Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Atsuhiko Hattori Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

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Satoshi Kubota Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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Takako Hattori Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

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receptors and developmental control genes ( Reddi 1994 , Goldring et al. 2006 , Shao et al. 2006 , Liu et al. 2017 ). There is considerable evidence to suggest that cartilage and bone growth in vertebrates oscillate in a circadian rhythm, but the

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Jonathan D Johnston Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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, as pinealectomy abolishes detectable melatonin in the blood ( Lewy et al . 1980 a ). Circadian rhythmicity of pineal melatonin synthesis Concentrations of melatonin in the blood exhibit a pronounced circadian rhythm, with elevated levels during the

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Geoffrey Raisman Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK

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developing in the neonatal preoptic area showed plasticity with a binary outcome determined by the presence or absence of exposure to sex hormones ( Raisman & Field 1973 ). My publication appeared 2 years after Harris' death. Circadian rhythms: the

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Cátia F Gonçalves Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Qing-Jun Meng Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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clocks present in most of the cell types in cartilage and bone ( Dudek & Meng 2014 , Yang & Meng 2016 ). Alterations in the circadian rhythm of skeletal biology are associated with the development of various disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA

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Pei-Jian He Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

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Masami Hirata Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

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Nobuhiko Yamauchi Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

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Masa-aki Hattori Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

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Introduction Circadian rhythm is generated by genetically determined biological clock, and is prominently entrained by cues from the 24-h light:darkness cycle ( Dunlap 1999 , Reppert & Weaver 2001 ). In mammals, the central clock is

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Henrik Oster Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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– 40–50% across the whole body – are expressed with a circadian rhythm ( Zhang et al. 2014 ). Of note, just like the delayed-action GC-mediated stress response, circadian clock regulation acts through slow, transcription

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Marianna Minnetti Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Valeria Hasenmajer Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Riccardo Pofi Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Mary Anna Venneri Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andrea M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in mitigating or enhancing the effects of clock genes on their own targets. The exact role of glucocorticoids in this context has yet to be fully elucidated. However, it is generally accepted that their circadian rhythm

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