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Lucia Gajdosechova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Katarina Krskova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Ana Belen Segarra Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Andrea Spolcova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Maciej Suski Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Rafal Olszanecki Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Stefan Zorad Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Introduction The neuropeptide oxytocin is a hormone with a wide range of central and peripheral effects. Besides its well-known role in labour and lactation ( Gimpl & Fahrenholz 2001 ), oxytocin is released in response to various stress stimuli

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Gareth Leng Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH9 8XD, UK

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Rafael Pineda Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH9 8XD, UK

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Nancy Sabatier Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH9 8XD, UK

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Mike Ludwig Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH9 8XD, UK

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stimulation of the neural stalk in lactating rabbits resulted in a sharp rise in intramammary pressure, and they inferred that this was the consequence of oxytocin secreted from the posterior pituitary. They noted that the response to stimulation depended

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Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Maria I New The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Harry C Blair The Pittsburgh VA Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Alberta Zallone Department of Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Ramkumarie Baliram The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Terry F Davies The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Christopher Cardozo The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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James Iqbal The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Li Sun The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Argiolas A Collu M Gessa GL Melis MR Serra G 1988 The oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin inhibits male copulatory behaviour in rats . European Journal of Pharmacology 149 389 – 392 . ( https://doi.org/10

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Tatiane Vilhena-Franco Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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André Souza Mecawi Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Healthy Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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José Antunes-Rodrigues Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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experimental model extensively used to study these responses. WD increases osmolality and decreases plasma volume, inducing the release of hormones that act to maintain homeostasis, such as vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), and the activation of the renin

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Eriko Furube Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Tetsuya Mannari Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Shoko Morita Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Kazunori Nishikawa Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Ayaka Yoshida Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Masanobu Itoh Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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Seiji Miyata Department of Applied Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

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arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) into the blood circulation from their axonal terminals ( Miyata & Hatton 2002 ). Similarly, they release a variety of neuropeptides into the blood circulation at the median eminence (ME) to control secretion of

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Hiroki Otsubo Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Susumu Hyodo Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Hirofumi Hashimoto Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Makoto Kawasaki Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Hitoshi Suzuki Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Takeshi Saito Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Toyoaki Ohbuchi Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Toru Yokoyama Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Hiroaki Fujihara Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Tetsuro Matsumoto Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Yoshio Takei Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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Yoichi Ueta Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan

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vasopressin (AVP; Yokoi et al . 1996 ). Central administration of AM activated oxytocin (OXT)-secreting neurones in the supraoptic (SON) and the paraventricular nuclei (PVN; Serino et al . 1999 , Ueta et al . 2000 ), and markedly increased plasma OXT

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Meghan M White Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA

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Willis K Samson Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA

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and SON contain neurons that produce arginine vasopressin (AVP) and/or oxytocin (OT) and project not only to the posterior pituitary gland, but also elsewhere within the central nervous system (CNS). While AVP is well known to control fluid balance by

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Greisa Vila
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Michaela Riedl
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Michael Resl
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Aart Jan van der Lely Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

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Leo J Hofland Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

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Martin Clodi
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Anton Luger
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expenditure ( van der Lely et al . 2004 ). A recent study has showed that intraventricular administration of ghrelin increases the c-fos activity of oxytocin (OXT)-secreting neurons ( Olszewski et al . 2007 ). OXT is involved in social bonding, has important

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X H Zhang
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S Filippi
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L Vignozzi
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A Morelli
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R Mancina
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M Luconi
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S Donati
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M Marini
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G B Vannelli
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G Forti
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M Maggi
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oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene and protein in rabbit and human cavernous tissue in a similar concentration to that found in other portions of the male genital tract ( Vignozzi et al. 2004 ), classically considered the main male target of oxytocin (OT), such

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Bogdan A Danalache Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Calvin Yu Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Jolanta Gutkowska Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Marek Jankowski Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Introduction Oxytocin (OT) originally recognized as a pregnancy hormone is produced primarily in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. OT is also synthesized in the cardiovascular system ( Jankowski et al . 1998 , Oyama et al

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