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- Author: G L Bennett x
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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EMBRAPA-National Dairy Cattle Research Center, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36038-330, Brazil
Production Systems Research, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
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Steroid receptors are key transcriptional regulators of mammary growth, development and lactation. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRβ) have been evaluated in bovine mammary gland. The ERRα is an orphan receptor that, in other species and tissues, appears to function in the regulation of estrogen-response genes including lactoferrin and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and in mitochondrial biogenesis. Expression of ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα was characterized in mammary tissue obtained from multiple stages of bovine mammary gland development using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Expression was evaluated in prepubertal heifers, primigravid cows, lactating non-pregnant cows, lactating pregnant cows and non-lactating pregnant cows (n=4 to 9 animals/stage). In addition, ERα, ERβ, PR and ERRα were mapped to chromosomes 9, 10, 15 and 29 respectively, by linkage and radiation hybrid mapping. Results indicated that expression of ERα, PR and ERRα was largely coordinately regulated and they were present in significant quantity during all physiological stages evaluated. In contrast, ERβ transcripts were present at a very low concentration during all stages. Furthermore, no ERβ protein could be detected in bovine mammary tissue by immunohistochemistry. The ERα and PR proteins were detected during all physiological states, including lactation. Our results demonstrate the presence of ERα, PR and ERRα during all physiological stages, and suggest a functional role for ERRα and a relative lack of a role for ERβ in bovine mammary gland development and lactation.
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Rat dams were ovariectomized on day 3 of pregnancy and treated with corn oil (0·25 ml/day), progesterone (4 mg/day), cortisone acetate (2 or 10 mg/day), cortisone acetate (10 mg/day) plus progesterone (4 mg/day) or progesterone (4 mg/day) plus oestrone (1 μg/day) from days 2 to 8 or 14, followed by 6 to 11 days of treatment with progesterone (4 mg/day) plus oestrone (1 μg/day). Implantation of ova at the normal time was realized in the animals treated from day 2 with progesterone plus oestrone. Implantation of ova was only realized subsequent to progesterone plus oestrone in the dams treated with progesterone alone, cortisone acetate alone, or progesterone plus cortisone acetate, except for one animal in the latter group. Implantation of ova was not usually realized even after progesterone plus oestrone treatment in the dams treated with corn oil. Even though cortisone acetate maintained unimplanted ova in spayed rats in much the same manner as does progesterone, it was not equivalent to progesterone in efficacy or action.
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ABSTRACT
A sensitive and specific double-antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay, using a synthetic analogue of human relaxin for standard and immunogen, was developed for the measurement of human relaxin (hRLX) in serum and plasma. No cross-reactivity was observed for human insulin, human insulin-like growth factor-I, hGH, human chorionic gonadotropin, hFSH, hLH or human prolactin. The assay was used to monitor RLX concentrations in samples from men, non-pregnant and pregnant women, and in pregnant rhesus monkeys infused with hRLX. RLX was not detected in serum from men nor from non-pregnant women, while a concentration of 600 ng/l was measured in pooled sera from two pregnant women (pregnancies achieved by in-vitro fertilization). Immunoreactive RLX (1·1 μg/g) was found in human corpora lutea taken from ectopic pregnancies at 7 weeks. In an experiment with a pregnant rhesus monkey infused with human RLX analogue, less than 1·5% of the maternal concentration was measured in the fetal circulation. Even though preliminary, these data suggest a low level of transfer of human analogue relaxin across the placenta in a rhesus monkey. Further studies of the physiology of RLX in human pregnancy will be facilitated by the availability of this immunoassay.
Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 449–457
