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1. The effect of twice-daily injections of formalin, as an agent eliciting the adaptation syndrome, has been studied on the blood constituents of sheep.
2. Within 4 days of the start of injections of 5 ml. of 4 % formalin there was a significant hypochloraemia, hypoglycaemia and leucocytosis with a return to normal levels after 10 days. There was also an intermediate compensatory hyperglycaemia. The leucocytosis was due primarily to a neutrophilia, although there was a slight transient increase in both absolute lymphocyte and eosinophil counts.
3. When the dose rate was increased to 10–20 ml. of 10% formalin, the plasma chloride and leucocyte patterns were repeated and there was also an increase in erythrocytes and haemoglobin values. In the later stages of the experiment the absolute lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were depressed, whilst the absolute monocyte count had risen.
4. There were no significant changes in blood acetone or in the basophil count throughout the experiment.
5. It is concluded that, in general, the blood changes elicited by an alarming stimulus in sheep are similar to those described in small laboratory animals. The renewed response to an increased intensity of stimulus observed in this experiment indicates that resistance is quantitatively as well as qualitatively specific.
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Bull semen, according to Puntriano (1953), is androgenic, and epiandrosterone and aetiocholanolone have been reported in bull epididymal semen (Breuer, 1955). Seamark (1963), however, found no, or very little, testosterone or androstenedione in bull, boar or ram semen, nor was he able to detect dehydroepiandrosterone or aetiocholanolone. This paper presents the results of analyses of the semen and other fluids of the male reproductive tract using a double isotope dilution derivative procedure for estimating 'free' testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (Hudson, Coghlan, Dulmanis, Wintour & Ekkel, 1963).
Semen was placed into dry ice on collection and stored deeply frozen until analysed. Testes and epididymides were collected from rams immediately after slaughter and packed in ice during transport to the laboratory. Testicular fluid was collected from these specimens after severing the outlet to the caput epididymidis or from living animals by cannulation (Voglmayr, Waites & Setchell, 1966). The contents of the caput were
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SUMMARY
The activity of several enzymes has been measured in the uterine endometrium of the rabbit during oestrus and pseudopregnancy and after injecting oestradiol benzoate or progesterone 28 days after ovariectomy. The enzyme activity of the uterine fluid has been determined during oestrus and the effect of uterine ligation studied.
Progesterone and the induction of pseudopregnancy stimulated succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity and depressed amylase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In ovariectomized does, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity increased after the injection of progesterone. Progesterone also stimulated endometrial phosphatase after ovariectomy but, when given after a period of oestrogen treatment, it limited the even greater response of acid and alkaline phosphatase to oestrogen; the activity then attaining the same level as when progesterone alone was given.
SDH, GDH and glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) diesterase could not be detected in uterine fluid but amylase and alkaline phosphatase were in greater concentration than in the endometrium. GPC diesterase was, however, found to be present in uterine tissue. Ligation of the uterus did not significantly alter the enzyme activity of the endometrium.
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SUMMARY
The effects of some oestrogens and progestogens on the glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) diesterase activity and the protein concentration of rinsings of the rat uterus have been studied in relation to changes in the weight of this organ. Both enzyme activity and protein concentration were increased by subcutaneous administration of oestradiol-3:17β, oestriol, oestrone and diethylstilboestrol to ovariectomized rats and these responses were inhibited by progesterone and 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. The GPC diesterase activity and protein content of uterine rinsings were affected independently of each other and of changes in the uterine weight.
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SUMMARY
The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the motility of bull, fowl, dog, ram, mouse, rabbit and human spermatozoa has been studied in vitro. Although 3 p.p.m. peroxide had a small but significant action on bull and fowl spermatozoa, those of the other species were more resistant, and 30–300 p.p.m. was usually required to produce substantial spermicidal effects, and even 3000 p.p.m. failed to immobilize rabbit spermatozoa completely.
Ram, dog and rabbit spermatozoa were rendered more susceptible by washing, and the seminal plasma was found to decompose hydrogen peroxide. The agent, in rabbit seminal plasma at least, is probably catalase.
Hydrogen peroxide given orally to mice and rabbits did not affect either the spermatozoa or fertility.