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ABSTRACT
Female rhesus monkeys (n = 5), having normal pituitary function, were treated for 50 months with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; 250 μg/kg) 3 days/week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) and rates of growth were compared with a group of age-matched untreated females (n = 6). Treatment was initiated at 20 months of age, approximately 10 months before the expected age of menarche. Long-term treatment with rhGH accelerated bone maturation and increased the velocity of increase in crown–rump length, tibia length and body weight. The period of acceleration occurred coincident with the occurrence of spontaneous puberty. Body measurements remained larger in the treated females until growth ceased. Long-term rhGH treatment increased final adult crown–rump length by some 3%, with a slight increase in tibia length and body weight, without having any untoward effects on reproductive capacity or health. One treated animal exhibited higher estimates of antibodies to rhGH throughout the study period, and this female also had a smaller increment in crown–rump length than the other treated females. These data suggest that long-term treatment of normal-pituitary females with rhGH augments crown–rump growth without any untoward effects of health.
Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 435–441
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SUMMARY
A longitudinal study was made of the urinary excretion of a number of C19 and C21 steroids in 11 healthy boys and 9 healthy girls aged 8–12 yr. Urine collections were made every 6 months, over periods ranging from 1 to 2½ yr. in different children. The excretions of most substances showed surprisingly regular increments in individual children. Differences between individual children were marked and often consistent; some children excreted high amounts of one substance and low amounts of another, and other childen the reverse. The variation between individuals in the excretion of substances such as androsterone and aetiocholanolone was reduced when the results were plotted against skeletal rather than chronological age. DHA was excreted by all subjects, but at a very low level before the skeletal age of 10 yr. The glucuronide: sulphate ratio of the 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids fell consistently from 8 to 12 yr. whereas the ratio of 5α-: 5β-11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids increased. Boys excreted more C19 steroids than girls with the same skeletal maturity score. This comparison is physiologically more meaningful than comparing boys and girls of the same chronological age.
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SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of a number of individually estimated C19 and C21 steroids was measured in 26 healthy young men. The relation between the levels of excretion of certain steroids and the widths of bone, muscle and fat in the upper arm, calf and thigh measured in radiographs was studied. There was a positive relation between the excretion of androsterone and aetiocholanolone and muscle width, and also between total cortisol metabolites and bone width. There was a highly significant negative regression of total corticosterone metabolites on muscle width.
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Search for other papers by R. H. WHITEHOUSE in
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SUMMARY
The changes in skinfold thickness over the triceps and under the scapula were measured by the same observer every 3 months in 21 children before and during treatment with human growth hormone (HGH). Eleven hyposomatotrophic dwarfs showed a trebling of their rate of height growth during the first 3 months of treatment, and in all, the skinfolds, measuring mainly the amount of subcutaneous fat, decreased during the first 3 months of treatment. In some subjects in this group the skinfold values tended to rise gradually again as treatment progressed. All except two of these children had very high initial skinfold values; the average percentile was above the 75th before treatment, and at the 50th after 3 months of treatment.
Four children, thought to have the same diagnosis, showed little or no height acceleration; they showed also little or no response in skinfold thickness; three of them were initially lean. Two small normal children and one child with gonadal dysgenesis responded neither in height nor in skinfolds. Three children with operated craniopharyngiomas responded well in height, but only one responded unequivocally in skinfolds.
We think the response in dwarfed children represents a true metabolic action of HGH, since there was clinical evidence of a rise and not of a diminution in appetite. The possible implications of these results in the understanding of the physiological events underlying the normal curve of growth in fat in children, particularly at infancy and adolescence, are outlined.
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ABSTRACT
The effects of oestradiol (OE2) on adolescent growth in female rhesus monkeys were evaluated by testing the hypothesis that, upon removal of the ovary, the increase in growth normally seen at the time of puberty would be abolished and that treatment with OE2 would restore it. Juvenile monkeys (n= 12) were ovariectomized and were given either an OE2-bearing silicone elastomer capsule implanted subcutaneously to simulate mid-pubertal concentrations ('treated = ', n = 8) or no steroid treatment ('control = ', n = 4). Females were studied from 18 to 42 months of age which, in intact females, typically encompasses the prepubertal period to the occurrence of first ovulation. Over the whole period, growth in body weight, crown–rump (CR) length and tibia length for control females were less than the 95% confidence limits of females treated with OE2. However, significant spurts of growth in both CR and tibia length occurred in the control as well as treated animals, although the peak velocities were somewhat lower for non-OE2-treated animals. Peak growth velocities occurred at an earlier chronological age in treated females, although at the same degree of skeletal maturity as found in control females. Skeletal maturity was significantly advanced in treated females from 27 months onward. Serum concentrations of nocturnal GH increased significantly with advancing age in both groups, with greater increases observed in treated females. Serum concentrations of IGF-I were higher in treated females until some 30 months of age, at which point concentrations increased in a similar fashion in both groups. IGF-I concentrations were elevated in the months preceding and following the peak CR growth velocity in treated females whereas concentrations of IGF-I rose coincidently with peak CR growth in control females. These data indicate that, in the absence of OE2, growth in female monkeys has periods of acceleration and that OE2 may enhance this pre-set pattern. Furthermore, the growth-promoting effects of OE2 are determined by the degree of skeletal maturity. Once a certain degree of skeletal maturity is attained, bones may be primed for maximal growth, but, as skeletal maturity continues to advance, the effect of OE2 on growth diminishes.
Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 137, 519–527
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Search for other papers by A. C. EDGSON in
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SUMMARY
1. The 24 hr excretions of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS) and creatinine of 101 healthy young men have been measured on two occasions several weeks apart to determine what, if any, relationship these bore to the subjects' body build.
2. Body build was assessed by anthropometric measurements, somatotyping, and a new method detailing the limb widths of fat, muscle and bone.
3. The week-to-week personal constancy coefficient of each of these excretions has been calculated. It is highest for 17-KS (0·83), and slightly lower for 17-KGS (0·73) and creatinine (0·72).
4. Correlations have been calculated both for between-persons relationships ('stable' or 'habitual'individuals' values) and within-persons relationships (daily individual co-fluctuations). The stable values of 17-KS and 17-KGS excretions are inversely related, individuals habitually high in one being habitually low in the other. This relationship becomes more marked when allowances are made for surface area and urine volume differences.
5. Excretion of 17-KS is significantly related to body weight and to mesomorphy. The multiple correlation with muscle width and weight was 0·56.
6. Excretion of 17-KGS is significantly related to weight and height. This is due to a positive relation with width and length of the limb bones (multiple correlation 0·55). There is no relation with muscle mass or subcutaneous fat thickness.
7. On the basis of these findings speculations are made on the possible role of 17-KS in maintaining muscle bulk and of corticosteroids in maintaining the contents of the medulla of the limb bones.
8. There is a significant, though quantitatively small, correlation between general body hirsutism, muscle bulk and 17-KS output. There is a similar-sized but inverse relation between penis size and amount of subcutaneous fat.
9. Recent findings on the relation of physique to resistance to tuberculosis are discussed in the light of the above findings. These point to the conclusion that more bodily measurements than simple weight and height must be taken if useful information as to causes of the physique-disease relationship is to be obtained.
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SUMMARY
Forty-two members of a Lesbian organization volunteered to participate in a study designed to seek organic abnormalities. Urinary levels of oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol, pregnanediol, 17-oxosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, testosterone and epitestosterone were determined. No consistent pattern of hormonal abnormality emerged. Thirty-seven of the subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and 39 completed a questionnaire. The mean neuroticism score for the group was significantly higher and the mean extraversion score was significantly lower than in the normal population. This finding of dysthymia was reflected to some extent by the high incidence of past psychiatric treatment for anxiety and/or depression.
