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Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Studies in postmenopausal women and ovariectomized mice show that the probiotic mix Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DSM13434, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 15312 and DSM 15313 (L. Mix) can protect from bone loss caused by sex steroid deficiency. Whether probiotic bacteria can protect bone also in sex steroid-deficient males is less studied. We used the orchiectomized mouse as a model for age-dependent bone loss caused by decreasing sex hormone levels in males. We treated 10-week-old male mice with either vehicle (veh) or L. Mix for 6 weeks, starting 2 weeks before orchiectomy (orx) or sham surgery. Importantly, mice treated with L. Mix had a general increase in total body bone mineral density (BMD) and lean mass (P ≤ 0.05) compared with veh-treated mice. Detailed computer tomography analysis of dissected bones showed increased trabecular BMD of the distal metaphyseal region of the femur in L. Mix compared to veh-treated orx mice (+8.0%, P ≤ 0.05). In the vertebra, L. Mix treatment increased trabecular bone volume fraction BV/TV (+11.5%, P ≤ 0.05) compared to veh in orx mice. Also, L. Mix increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as propionate and acetate and important intermediates in SCFA synthesis such as succinate and lactate in the cecal content of male mice. In conclusion, L. Mix treatment resulted in a general increase in BMD in adult male mice and prevented trabecular bone loss in femur and vertebra of orx mice. These bone protective effects of L. Mix were associated with increased levels of SCFAs in the cecal content of male mice.
Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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The GH/-IGF-I axis is important for kidney size and function and may also be involved in the development of renal failure. In this study, the role of liver-derived endocrine IGF-I for kidney size and function was investigated in mice with adult liver-specific IGF-I inactivation (LI-IGF-I−/− mice). These mice have an 80–85% reduction of serum IGF-I level and compensatory increased GH secretion. Seven-month-old as well as 24-month-old LI-IGF-I−/− mice had decreased kidney weight. Glomerular filtration rate, assessed using creatinine clearance as well as creatinine clearance corrected for body weight, was unchanged. The 24-h urine excretion of sodium and potassium was increased in the LI-IGF-I−/− mice. In the 24-month-old mice, there was no between-group difference in kidney morphology. Microarray and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analyses showed a high renal expression of IGF-II in the control mice, whereas in the LI-IGF-I−/− mice, there was a tissue-specific decrease in the renal IGF-II mRNA levels (−79%, P < 0.001 vs controls using RT-PCR). In conclusion, deficiency of circulating liver-derived IGF-I in mice results, despite an increase in GH secretion, in a global symmetrical decrease in kidney size, increased urinary sodium and potassium excretion, and a clear down regulation of renal IGF-II expression. However, the LI-IGF-I−/− mice did not develop kidney failure or nephrosclerosis. One may speculate that liver-derived endocrine IGF-I induces renal IGF-II expression, resulting in symmetrical renal growth.
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Both IGF1 and androgens are major enhancers of prostate growth and are implicated in the development of prostate hyperplasia and cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether liver-derived endocrine IGF1 modulates the androgenic response in prostate. Mice with adult, liver-specific inactivation of IGF1 (LI-IGF1−/− mice) displayed an ∼80% reduction in serum IGF1 levels associated with decreased prostate weight compared with control mice (anterior prostate lobe −19%, P<0.05; dorsolateral prostate (DLP) lobe −35%, P<0.01; ventral prostate (VP) lobe −47%, P<0.01). Reduced androgen receptor (Ar) mRNA and protein levels were observed in the VP lobe (−34% and −30% respectively, both P<0.05 versus control mice). Analysis of prostate morphology showed reductions in both the glandular and fibromuscular compartments of the VP and DLP lobes that were proportional to the reductions in the weights of these lobes. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced intracellular AR immunoreactivity in the VP and DLP lobes. The non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone increased VP weight to a lesser extent in orchidectomized (ORX) LI-IGF1−/− mice than in ORX controls (−40%, P<0.05 versus control mice). In conclusion, deficiency of liver-derived IGF1 reduces both the glandular and fibromuscular compartments of the prostate, decreases AR expression in prostate, and reduces the stimulatory effect of androgens on VP weight. These findings may explain, at least in part, the well-known clinical association between serum IGF1 levels and conditions with abnormal prostate growth.
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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It is generally believed that estrogens exert their bone sparing effects directly on the cells within the bone compartment. The aim of the present study was to investigate if central mechanisms might be involved in the bone sparing effect of estrogens. The dose–response of central (i.c.v) 17β-estradiol (E2) administration was compared with that of peripheral (s.c.) administration in ovariectomized (ovx) mice. The dose–response curves for central and peripheral E2 administration did not differ for any of the studied estrogen-responsive tissues, indicating that these effects were mainly peripheral. In addition, ovx mice were treated with E2 and/or the peripheral estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. ICI 182,780 attenuated most of the estrogenic response regarding uterus weight, retroperitoneal fat weight, cortical BMC and trabecular bone mineral content (P<0.05). These findings support the notion that the primary target tissue that mediates the effect of E2 on bone is peripheral and not central.
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Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Substantial progress has been made in the therapeutic reduction of vertebral fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis, but non-vertebral fracture risk has been improved only marginally. Human genetic studies demonstrate that the WNT16 locus is a major determinant of cortical bone thickness and non-vertebral fracture risk and mouse models with life-long Wnt16 inactivation revealed that WNT16 is a key regulator of cortical thickness. These studies, however, could not exclude that the effect of Wnt16 inactivation on cortical thickness might be caused by early developmental and/or growth effects. To determine the effect of WNT16 specifically on adult cortical bone homeostasis, Wnt16 was conditionally ablated in young adult and old mice through tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated recombination using CAG-Cre-ER; Wnt16 flox/flox (Cre-Wnt16 flox/flox) mice. First, 10-week-old Cre-Wnt16 flox/flox and Wnt16 flox/flox littermate control mice were treated with tamoxifen. Four weeks later, Wnt16 mRNA levels in cortical bone were reduced and cortical thickness in femur was decreased in Cre-Wnt16 flox/flox mice compared to Wnt16 flox/flox mice. Then, inactivation of Wnt16 in 47-week-old mice (evaluated four weeks later) resulted in a reduction of Wnt16 mRNA levels, cortical thickness and cortical bone strength with no effect on trabecular bone volume fraction. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reduced cortical bone thickness was caused by a combination of increased bone resorption and reduced periosteal bone formation. In conclusion, WNT16 is a crucial regulator of cortical bone thickness in young adult and old mice. We propose that new treatment strategies targeting the adult regulation of WNT16 might be useful to reduce fracture risk at cortical bone sites.
