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We have observed pancreatic duct cell proliferation and islet regeneration in transgenic mice whose pancreata produce interferon gamma (IFNg mice). We have previously demonstrated that new islet cells derive from endocrine progenitor cells in the pancreatic ducts of this model. The current study was initiated to define these endocrine progenitor cells further and to identify novel markers associated with pancreatic regeneration. Importantly, we have found that PDX-1, a transcription factor required for insulin gene transcription as well as for pancreatic development during embryogenesis, is expressed in the duct cells of IFNg mice. This striking observation suggests an important role for PDX-1 in the marked regeneration observed in IFNg mice, paralleling its critical function during ontogeny. Also demonstrated was elevated expression of the homeobox-containing protein Msx-2 in the pancreata of fetal mice as well as in adult IFNg mice, identifying this molecule as a novel marker associated with pancreatic development and regeneration as well. The identification of PDX-1 and Msx in the ducts of the IFNg transgenic pancreas but not in the ducts of the non-transgenic pancreas suggests that these molecules are associated with endocrine precursor cells in the ducts of the IFNg transgenic mouse.
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The upregulation of a limited number of growth factors in our interferon-gamma transgenic model for regeneration within the pancreas lead us to propose that these factors are important during pancreatic regeneration. In this study, we have assessed the influence of two growth factors within the pancreas, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), by ectopically expressing these proteins under the control of the human insulin promoter in transgenic mice. This beta-cell-targeted expression of either EGF or KGF resulted in significant morphological changes, including cellular proliferation and disorganized islet growth. Intercrossing the individual Ins-EGF and Ins-KGF transgenic mice resulted in more profound changes in pancreatic morphology including proliferation of pancreatic cells and extensive intra-islet fibrosis. Insulin-producing beta-cells were found in some of the ducts of older Ins-EGF and Ins-EGFxKGF transgenic mice, and amylase-producing cells were observed within the islet structures of the double transgenic mice. These data suggest that both EGF and KGF are capable of affecting pancreatic differentiation and growth, and that co-expression of these molecules in islets has a more substantial impact on the pancreas than does expression of either growth factor alone.
