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A. Lanni
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M. Moreno
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M. Cioffi
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F. Goglia
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ABSTRACT

In the present study we report that 3,3′,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) as well as two iodothyronines (3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3′-di-iodothyronine (3,3′-T2)) significantly influence rat liver mitochondrial activity.

Liver oxidative capacity (measured as cytochrome oxidase activity/g wet tissue) in hypothyroid compared with normal rats was significantly reduced (21%, P > 0·01) and the administration of T3 and both iodothyronines restored normal values. At the mitochondrial level, treatment with T3 stimulated respiratory activity (state 4 and state 3) and did not influence cytochrome oxidase activity. On the other hand, both the mitochondrial respiratory rate and specific cytochrome oxidase activity significantly increased in hypothyroid animals after treatment with 3,3′-T2 or 3,5-T2 (about 50 and 40% respectively). The actions of both iodothyronines were rapid and evident by 1 h after the injection. The hepatic mitochondrial protein content which decreased in hypothyroid rats (9·6 mg/g liver compared with 14·1 in normal controls, P < 0·05) was restored by T3 injection, while neither T2 was able to restore it.

Our results suggest that T3 and both iodothyronines have different mechanisms of action. T3 acts on both mitochondrial mass and activity; the action on mitochondrial activity was not exerted at the cytochrome oxidase complex level. The action of the iodothyronines, on the other hand, is exerted directly on the cytochrome oxidase complex without any noticeable action on the mitochondrial mass.

Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 136, 59–64

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A Lombardi
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M Moreno
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C Horst
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F Goglia
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A Lanni
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Abstract

The binding of labelled 3,3′-di-iodo-l-thyronine (3,3′-T2) to isolated rat liver mitochondria has been characterized. Specific binding could be detected only in the inner mitochondrial membrane, not in other mitochondrial subfractions. The composition of the incubation medium influenced the binding capacity, the best combination of high specific binding and low non-specific binding being observed in phosphate buffer, pH 6·4.

The specific binding of 3,3′-T2 to mitochondria requires low ionic strength: concentrations of K+ and Na+ higher than 10 mmol/l and 0·1 mmol/l respectively resulted in a decreased binding capacity. The optimal calcium ion concentration was in the range 0·01–1·0 mmol/l. Varying magnesium ion, over the range of concentrations used (0·1–100 mmol/l), had no effect. Both ADP and ATP, at over 1 mmol/l, resulted in an inhibition of the specific binding. Incubation with protease resulted in a decrease in specific binding and an increase in non-specific binding, thus indicating the proteic nature of the binding sites. In addition to the above factors in the local environment the thyroid state of the animal might influence the 3,3′-T2-binding capacity. In fact, the thyroid state of the animal seemed not to have an influence on the affinity constant, but it did affect binding capacity.

Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 154, 119–124

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A I Esquifino
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M L Moreno
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A Arce
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C Agrasal
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J Pérez-Díaz
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M A Villanúa
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Abstract

This work was designed to investigate the effects of cyclosporine on prolactin secretion by an ectopically grafted heterologous pituitary gland, and on the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The administration of cyclosporine prevented the augmentation in plasma prolactin levels which occurred following an ectopic graft of a litter-mate pituitary gland. In contrast, in sham-operated rats, cyclosporine increased prolactin levels on day 8 of treatment. Both pituitary grafting and cyclosporine treatment in sham-operated rats decreased hypothalamic norepinephrine content. In grafted rats, cyclosporine returned hypothalamic norepinephrine to normal. Hypothalamic serotonin content decreased 8 days after pituitary grafting but increased to the values of control animals after cyclosporine administration. Cyclosporine treatment for 2 and 8 days increased serotonin content in sham-operated animals. As expected, the hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index increased after pituitary grafting and administration of cyclosporine for 8 days resulted in a further increase. Cyclosporine administration for 2 days, however, decreased this index to the values observed in control animals while drug treatment of control rats for 8 days decreased the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index. In vitro release of prolactin from the ectopic gland was markedly decreased in animals treated with cyclosporine for 2 days and this effect was less evident in 8-day treated rats. These data suggest that the impairment of the local immune reaction after pituitary grafting, by cyclosporine administration for 2 days, prevents the augmentation of plasma prolactin levels and normalizes the hypothalamic catecholamine parameters, thus suggesting that the effects of cyclosporine at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are exerted through changes in prolactin secretion by the graft, although chronic administration of cyclosporine may also have a direct effect on the hypothalamus.

Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 159–164

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Noelia Martínez-Sánchez Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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José M Moreno-Navarrete CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain

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Cristina Contreras Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Eva Rial-Pensado Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Johan Fernø Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Rubén Nogueiras Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Carlos Diéguez Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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José-Manuel Fernández-Real CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain

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Miguel López Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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The canonical view about the effect of thyroid hormones (THs) on thermogenesis assumes that the hypothalamus acts merely as a modulator of the sympathetic outflow on brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recent data have challenged that vision by demonstrating that THs act on the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) to inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates the thermogenic program in BAT, leading to increased thermogenesis and weight loss. Current data have shown that in addition to activation of brown fat, the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) might also be an important thermogenic mechanism. However, the possible central effects of THs on the browning of white fat remain unclear. Here, we show that 3,3′,5,5′ tetraiodothyroxyne (T4)-induced hyperthyroidism promotes a marked browning of WAT. Of note, central or VMH-specific administration of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3) recapitulates that effect. The specific genetic activation of hypothalamic AMPK in the VMH reversed the central effect of T3 on browning. Finally, we also showed that the expression of browning genes in human WAT correlates with serum T4. Overall, these data indicate that THs induce browning of WAT and that this mechanism is mediated via the central effects of THs on energy balance.

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M. Sancho-Tello
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T.-Y. Chen
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T. K. Clinton
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R. Lyles
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R. F. Moreno
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L. Tilzer
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K. Imakawa
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P. F. Terranova
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ABSTRACT

We investigated whether human granulosa-luteal (GL) cells exhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, and the response of follicular aspirate cells to LPS in vitro. Follicular aspirates taken from a human in-vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian-tube transfer programme were subjected to Percoll gradients in order to isolate an enriched population of GL cells. GL cells exhibited specific LPS-binding protein, detected by autoradiography of the cellular lysate on SDS-PAGE after the cells were specifically labelled with a radioiodinated, photoactivable and reducible LPS derivative. LPS binding to the cells was also detected by the appearance of immunofluorescence associated with the cellular membrane when incubated with a fluorescent conjugated LPS receptor antibody. Ninety-four per cent of the cells exhibiting immunofluorescent LPS-binding protein were also positive for the steroidogenic enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, as detected by cytochemistry. In order to detect a response to LPS, the enriched population of GL cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of LPS; after 16 h of culture, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis of the amplified cDNA. The expression of TNF mRNA was enhanced when the cells were cultured in the presence of LPS, which also significantly enhanced TNF secretion into the media during the 16-h period. These results reveal that GL cells exhibit LPS-binding protein and thus increased TNF secretion occurs in response to LPS in follicular aspirate cells. The source of ovarian TNF may be leukocytes, macrophages and/or GL cells.

Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 571–578

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A Iida-Klein Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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S Shou Lu Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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R Kapadia Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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M Burkhart Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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A Moreno Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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D W Dempster Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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R Lindsay Regional Bone and
Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York, USA
Scanco USA Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Clinical Pathology and
Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption as well as bone formation in vivo and in organ culture. The catabolic actions of PTH have been recognized in patients with hyperparathyroidism, or with acute infusion of the N-terminal 1–34 fragment of human PTH (hPTH1–34). Whereas the anabolic actions of daily injection with PTH have been well studied in both humans and mice, the catabolic actions of PTH on murine bone remain to be defined. To do this we sought to create a model with short-term, sustained hyperparathyroidism using osmotic infusion pumps. We treated 10-week-old female C57BL/J6 mice with continuous infusion of hPTH1–34 (8.1 pmol/0.25 μl per h, equivalent to 40 μg/kg per day) or vehicle for 2 weeks, using Alzet osmotic pumps. Bone mineral density (BMD), serum total calcium, hPTH1–34, mouse intact PTH (mPTH1–84), osteocalcin and mouse tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (mTRAP) activity, and microarchitectural variables of the distal femur were measured. Separately, we compared the effects of intermittent daily injection of hPTH1–34 (40 μg/kg per day) with continuous infusion of hPTH1–34 on BMD and bone markers. Exogenous hPTH1–34 was detected only in the PTH-infused mice. Both intermittent and continuous treatment with hPTH1–34 markedly suppressed endogenous mPTH1–84, but only the latter induced hypercalcemia. Daily PTH injection significantly increased both serum osteocalcin and mTRAP, while continuous PTH infusion showed a strong trend to stimulate mTRAP, with a slight but non-significant increase in osteocalcin. There were significant differences in BMD at all sites between animals treated with the same daily dose of intermittent and continuous hPTH1–34. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) analysis of the distal femurs revealed that hPTH1–34 infusion significantly decreased trabecular connectivity density (P<0.05). Thus, the murine bone response to continuous PTH infusion was quite different from that seen with daily PTH injection. Short-term infusion of hPTH1–34 appears to be a good model to study the mechanisms underlying the catabolic action of PTH in mice.

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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Esther Rivero-Cortés Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Mari C Vázquez-Borrego Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Manuel D Gahete Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Luis Jiménez-Reina Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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Eva Venegas-Moreno Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain

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Andrés de la Riva Service of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain

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Miguel Ángel Arráez Neurosurgical Department, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Inmaculada González-Molero Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Herbert A Schmid Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

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Silvia Maraver-Selfa Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain

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Inmaculada Gavilán-Villarejo Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain

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Juan Antonio García-Arnés Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Miguel A Japón Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain

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Alfonso Soto-Moreno Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain

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María A Gálvez Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain

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Raúl M Luque Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Somatostatin analogs (SSA) are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for pituitary adenomas. However, some patients escape from therapy with octreotide, a somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2)-preferring SSA, and pasireotide, a novel multi-sst-preferring SSA, may help to overcome this problem. It has been proposed that correspondence between sst1-sst5 expression pattern and SSA-binding profile could predict patient’s response. To explore the cellular/molecular features associated with octreotide/pasireotide response, we performed a parallel comparison of their in vitro effects, evaluating sst1-sst5 expression, intracellular Ca2+ signaling ([Ca2+]i), hormone secretion and cell viability, in a series of 85 pituitary samples. Somatotropinomas expressed sst5>sst2, yet octreotide reduced [Ca2+]i more efficiently than pasireotide, while both SSA similarly decreased growth hormone release/expression and viability. Corticotropinomas predominantly expressed sst5, but displayed limited response to pasireotide, while octreotide reduced functional endpoints. Non-functioning adenomas preferentially expressed sst3 but, surprisingly, both SSA increased cell viability. Prolactinomas mainly expressed sst1 but were virtually unresponsive to SSA. Finally, both SSA decreased [Ca2+]i in normal pituitaries. In conclusion, both SSA act in vitro on pituitary adenomas exerting both similar and distinct effects; however, no evident correspondence was found with the sst1-sst5 profile. Thus, it seems plausible that additional factors, besides the simple abundance of a given sst, critically influence the SSA response.

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