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A proliferative effect of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was previously shown in pancreatic islets. However, the mechanism under which IGF-I actions are exerted in insulin-secreting cells is not clear. The rat insulinoma cell line, RINm5F, was shown to have both IGF-I receptors and IGF-Il/mannose-6-phosphate receptors. IGF-I binding to cell surface receptors stimulated phosphorylation of 97 kDa and 93 kDa subunits of the IGF-I receptor and incorporation of [3H]thymidine into RINm5F cells. Both the IGF-I-induced protein phosphorylation and [3H]thymidine incorporation were abolished in the presence of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. Under basal conditions, IGF-I did not induce insulin release or changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration. Immunoprecipitation of proteins from RINm5F cells, using phosphotyrosine antibodies, followed by western blotting using antibody against IRS-1 revealed no distinct band of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. Instead, tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS-2 was detected and stimulated by IGF-I when western blotting was performed using antibody against IRS-2. These results indicate that IRS-1 is not likely to be involved in IGF-I signalling in RINm5F cells. Hence, IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis in RINm5F cells was associated with phosphorylation of IGF-I receptors and IRS-2.
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The regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-II gene (IGF2) is complex and involves the usage of four promoters resulting in different 5' untranslated regions, but with a common translated product. The IGF2 gene product is a mitogenic and survival factor that has been suggested to be important for a normal fetal development and cancer. In this paper we present evidence suggesting that the human IGF2 gene is regulated by GH, and that this regulation occurs in a promoter-specific way. Three lines of evidence support this finding. First, in vivo data from patients treated with GH (one injection or daily injections for 5 consecutive days) showed an increase in the IGF2 P2 promoter derived transcript after acute treatment, and of the P4 promoter transcript after short-term treatment while the P1 promoter derived transcript did not show any significant change. Secondly, isolated human liver cells treated with GH for 2 h displayed an upregulation of the P2 promoter derived transcript. Thirdly, employing transfection experiments in GH-receptor positive CHO cells with P2 and P4 promoter-luciferase constructs, an upregulation by GH was evident, while a P1 promoter construct was unresponsive. We suggest that GH may be a physiological regulator of IGF2 in humans.
