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Exposure of the whole body to moderate doses of X-rays in the rat, rabbit and cat has been shown to reduce the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland (Goodall & Long, 1959). The present experiments were performed to determine whether X-irradiation exerts a selective effect on the secretory function of the adrenal medulla.
Adult mongrel dogs weighing 9·8–16·3 kg were used. The left adrenal gland was exposed by the lumbar route under pentobarbitone anaesthesia by the method of Satake, Sugawara & Watanabe (1927). Simultaneously the left adrenal vein was cannulated and the left splanchnic nerves were sectioned. The exposed adrenal gland was then irradiated with 200–5000 R of X-rays. The X-ray characteristics were: 180 kV peak, 20 mA, focus—surface distance 37 cm, and half-value-layer 1·0 mm Cu. Dose-rate to the adrenal gland was approximately 130 R/min. Samples of adrenal venous blood were collected 30 and 10 min before,
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ABSTRACT
The effect of two concentrations of glucose on the maturation of the response of B cells was studied in pancreatic monolayer cultures of the neonatal rat using a perifusion system. After exposure for the initial 3 days to a medium with 5·5 mmol glucose/l and 10 μmol iodoacetic acid/l (day 3), in order to delete fibroblasts selectively, monolayer cultures were kept for a total of 12 days in medium with either 5·5 or 16·7 mmol glucose/l alone. On day 3, B cells responded in a monophasic fashion, with no significant second phase, to acute challenge with 16·7 mmol glucose/1. At a concentration of 10 mmol/l, leucine and 2-ketoisocaproate both produced only minimal increases in the second phase of secretion above the basal level. In contrast, B cells on day 7 cultured in 5·5 mmol glucose/l showed a biphasic response to glucose, leucine and 2-ketoisocaproate. The magnitude in response to glucose was well preserved at day 15 of culture, whereas the stimulatory effects of leucine and 2-ketoisocaproate decreased to 24–57% of that of B cells on day 7. Moreover, B cells on day 7 cultured in 16·7 mmol glucose/l responded in a biphasic manner to glucose, the response being 65% of that of B cells in 5·5 mmol glucose/l. Additionally, the response to leucine and 2-ketoisocaproate still appeared to be monophasic. At day 15 of culture, however, the response of B cells in 16·7 mmol glucose/l to glucose was 105%, to leucine 245% and to 2-ketoisocaproate 127% of that of B cells in 5·5 mmol glucose/l. In conclusion, these results suggest that cultivation in medium with 5·5 mmol glucose/l could induce precocious development of an adult pattern of insulin secretion compared with that in 16·7 mmol glucose/l and, in addition, that the medium with 16·7 mmol glucose/l is superior for long-term culture to the medium with 5·5 mmol glucose/l.
J. Endocr. (1988) 118, 303–310
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ABSTRACT
We have previously demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) as well as thyroid hormone stimulates GH gene expression. To clarify the relationship between the action of RA and thyroid hormone, pituitary-specific gene expression was investigated further in rat pituitary cells.
Rat clonal pituitary cells, GH3, were treated with RA with or without tri-iodothyronine (T3) for up to 3 days. After treatment with 10–1000 nmol RA/1 with or without 0·1–10 nmol T3/1, medium was collected for radioimmunoassay and cells were subjected to RNA extraction, and GH and prolactin gene expression was analysed using 32P-labelled rat GH and rat prolactin cDNA probes respectively. The data demonstrated the dose–responsive manner of the stimulatory effects of RA and T3 on GH secretion with T3-depleted media. The action of RA was additive to that of T3 for GH secretion when maximum effective doses of RA or T3 were used. Using dot blot and Northern gel analysis, it was shown that RA increased GH mRNA levels in T3-depleted media, and that this action of RA was additive to that of T3 on the induction of GH mRNA levels. In contrast, neither RA nor T3 stimulated the secretion of prolactin and prolactin mRNA levels in these cells.
Our results indicate that RA stimulates GH mRNA increment and GH secretion in T3-depleted media, and that the stimulatory effect of RA is additive to the maximum effective dose of T3.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 251–256
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ABSTRACT
The effect of diterpene forskolin, a potent stimulator of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the rat thyroid cell strain FRTL-5, was compared with that of TSH. Forskolin stimulated both the release of cAMP into the culture medium and the accumulation of cAMP in the cytoplasm in a dose-dependent manner, within the range of 0·1–1000 μmol/l. Maximum cAMP concentrations were reached within 15 min of stimulation with forskolin. This is comparable with the effects of TSH. Forskolin also induced morphological changes in cultures of FRTL-5 cells, producing conspicuous cell retraction with arborization and numerous microvilli on the cell surface, specific reorganization of the microfilaments and modulation of the distribution of tubulin and fibronectin. Morphological changes induced by forskolin were always observed 20 to 30 min earlier, and in a higher percentage of cells, than the changes induced by TSH. Cell proliferation, however, was stimulated more effectively by TSH than by forskolin. These observations suggest that TSH might exert its effect on the morphology and growth of FRTL-5 cells, at least in part, through cAMP. The control of morphology and growth might not, however, be regulated solely by the adenylate cyclase and cAMP system.
J. Endocr. (1986) 111, 397–405
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This study provides the first report that the same cytokine (interleukin-1 (IL-1)) can induce opposite effects on cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and Cdk inhibitors (Cdkis) in the G1 phase even in the same type of cancer cells (papillary thyroid carcinoma cells). Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in NIM1 cells and a decrease in NPA cells in the S and G2+M phases after treatment with IL-1alpha. The addition of IL-1alpha to NIM1 cells reduced the expression of p16 and p21 protein and induced the expression of Cdk2 and Cdk4 protein, which leads to the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. The addition of IL-1alpha to NPA cells induced the expression of p27 protein and reduced the expression of Cdk2 protein, which leads to induction of p107 protein expression. It is of interest that p21 protein expression was not observed in NPA cells. These results suggest that several Cdks and Cdkis play a regulatory role in the G1 cell cycle progression and arrest induced by IL-1alpha in thyroid carcinoma cell lines.
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Abstract
To examine the structure–activity relationships in the insulinotropic activity of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide (GLP-1(7–36)amide), we synthesized 16 analogues, including eight which were designed by amino acid substitutions at positions 10 (Ala10), 15 (Serl5), 16 (Tyr16), 17 (Arg17), 18 (Lys18), 21 (Gly21), 27 (Lys27) and 31 (Asp31) of GLP-1(7–36)amide with an amino acid of GH-releasing factor possessing only slight insulinotropic activity, and three tentative antagonists including [Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36)amide. Their insulinotropic activities were assessed by rat pancreas perfusion experiments, and binding affinity to GLP-1 receptors and stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production were evaluated using cultured RINm5F cells.
Insulinotropic activity was estimated as GLP-1(7–36)amide = Tyr16>Lys18, Lys27>Gly21>Asp31⪢Ser15,Arg17>Ala10⪢GRF>[Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36) amide. Displacement activity against 125I-labelled GLP-1 (7–36)amide binding and stimulatory activity for cAMP production in RINm5F cells correlated well with their insulinotropic activity in perfused rat pancreases.
These results demonstrate that (1) positions 10 (glycine), 15 (aspartic acid) and 17 (serine) in the amino acid sequence of GLP-1(7–36)amide, in addition to the N-terminal histidine, are essential for its insulinotropic activity through its binding to the receptor, (2) the amino acid sequences for the C-terminal half of GLP-1(7–36)amide also contribute to its binding to the receptor, although they are less important compared with those of the N-terminal half, and (3) [Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36)amide is not an antagonist of GLP-1(7–36)amide as opposed to des-His1 [Glu9]-glucagon amide which is a potent glucagon antagonist.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 45–52
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First Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University, Medical School, Kagoshima 890, Japan
(Received 13 December 1977)
The role of brain noradrenaline in the regulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function is controversial. Ganong (1972) suggested that the central noradrenergic system inhibits the secretion of adrenocorticotrophin, but it has also been shown (Kumeda, Uchimura, Kawabata, Maeda, Okamota, Kawa & Kanehisa, 1974) that a drastic reduction in the hypothalamic noradrenaline content, resulting from intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, has no effect on the basal levels of corticosterone in rat plasma and adrenal tissue. The stress response is also not affected, nor is the suppressive effect of dexamethasone on the plasma and adrenal concentrations of corticosterone. Almost identical results have been reported by Cuello, Shoemaker & Ganong (1974) and Kaplanski, van Delft, Nyakas, Stoof & Smelik (1974), and Cuello et al. (1974) suggested the possibility of denervation hypersensitivity developing as a result of intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.
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ABSTRACT
The regulation of thyroglobulin (Tg) and its specific mRNA by interluekin-1 (IL-1) in cultured human thyrocytes was investigated. Specific binding of 125I-labelled IL-1 on thyrocytes was confirmed by solid-phase binding assay. Thyrocytes dispersed from Graves' thyroid tissues were incubated with TSH with or without recombinant human IL-1. TSH stimulated Tg release from cultured human thyrocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both IL-1α and β inhibited TSH-induced Tg release at concentrations ranging from 0·01 to 10 U/ml. The suppressive activities of IL-1α and β were similar. They did not alter the basal level of Tg release. Unstimulated human thyrocytes did not contain any detectable Tg mRNA, but TSH-stimulated thyrocytes expressed a single species of Tg mRNA (8·5 kb). Both IL-lα and β inhibited TSH-induced Tg mRNA in a dose-responsive manner. IL-1 (10 U/ml) caused maximal suppression of TSH-induced Tg mRNA to nearly basal levels. In contrast, the γ-actin mRNA hybridization signal was not altered in control or treated cells. Furthermore, IL-1 stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake into thyrocyte DNA. These results demonstrate that IL-1 directly inhibits TSH-induced Tg gene expression and provide further support for a functional role of IL-1 as a local modulator of thyroid hormone synthesis.
Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 122, 177–183
Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Avenida Doutor Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200 Vila Partênio, Mogi das Cruzes, Sao Paulo 08780-911, Brazil
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Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Avenida Doutor Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200 Vila Partênio, Mogi das Cruzes, Sao Paulo 08780-911, Brazil
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Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Avenida Doutor Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200 Vila Partênio, Mogi das Cruzes, Sao Paulo 08780-911, Brazil
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Cancer cachexia induces loss of fat mass that accounts for a large part of the dramatic weight loss observed both in humans and in animal models; however, the literature does not provide consistent information regarding the set point of weight loss and how the different visceral adipose tissue depots contribute to this symptom. To evaluate that, 8-week-old male Wistar rats were subcutaneously inoculated with 1 ml (2×107) of tumour cells (Walker 256). Samples of different visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots were collected at days 0, 4, 7 and 14 and stored at −80 °C (seven to ten animals/each day per group). Mesenteric and retroperitoneal depot mass was decreased to the greatest extent on day 14 compared with day 0. Gene and protein expression of PPARγ2 (PPARG) fell significantly following tumour implantation in all three adipose tissue depots while C/EBPα (CEBPA) and SREBP-1c (SREBF1) expression decreased over time only in epididymal and retroperitoneal depots. Decreased adipogenic gene expression and morphological disruption of visceral WAT are further supported by the dramatic reduction in mRNA and protein levels of perilipin. Classical markers of inflammation and macrophage infiltration (f4/80, CD68 and MIF-1α) in WAT were significantly increased in the later stage of cachexia (although showing a incremental pattern along the course of cachexia) and presented a depot-specific regulation. These results indicate that impairment in the lipid-storing function of adipose tissue occurs at different times and that the mesenteric adipose tissue is more resistant to the ‘fat-reducing effect’ than the other visceral depots during cancer cachexia progression.
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Klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice exhibit growth retardation after weaning, and previous electron microscopic examination of GH-producing cells in pituitary glands revealed a reduction in GH granules. However, it has not been known whether growth retardation in klotho mutant mice is related to the loss of GH function. We therefore examined whether treatment with GH could rescue the retardation of growth. At the end of 3 weeks of treatment with human GH, the body weight of wild-type (WT) mice was increased. In contrast, body weight was not increased in klotho mutant mice even after the treatment with human GH. Another feature of klotho mutant mice is the presence of osteopetrosis in the epiphyses of long bones and vertebrae. Treatment with human GH increased trabecular bone volume in the epiphyseal region of WT tibiae. Interestingly, increase in trabecular bone volume by GH treatment was also observed in klotho mutant mice and, therefore, the phenotype of high bone volume in the klotho mice was further enhanced. These findings indicate that a GH receptor system in cancellous bones could operate in mutant mice. Thus, growth retardation in the klotho mutant mice is resistant against GH treatment even when these mice respond to GH treatment in terms of cancellous bone volume.
